Growing Up Around, During, and After World War Ii

During and After World War II Around and during World War II there were many challenges and many exciting and terrifying events occur. Many things happen such as the Great Depression, Pearl Harbor, C)-day, and Hiroshima. Billie Jean Ramsey-styles grew up during this time. Billie was born in Brownsville, Yankee County, North Carolina on December 30 1930. Her mother was a homemaker; her father was a brick mason.She lived in a five-room house that had electricity but did not have an indoor tearoom. She did household chores like washing laundry and, dishes, making beds, carrying in firewood and cleaning house (Styles). According too U. S. History teacher â€Å"The Great Depression was the period of time in which the stock market crashed, banks failed, and the U. S. Had an economic fallout† (Mueller). It was a point in time when people did not have much of anything and they had to work hard to afford what they did have. Many people could not afford toys for their children. The chi ldren from this time still found things to do such as: play kick the can, hide and eek and, they also cut out people from magazines and used them as paper dolls. The depression also affected school budgets. Schools could not afford sports uniforms or other sports equipment. Me and my cheerleaders team made our uniforms in Home CE. Many people lost their Jobs and had to work at Civilian Conservation Corps Camps. â€Å"The camps were similar to the military. People were in small groups and wore uniforms. They had to work and follow all rules, but in return they got three square meals a day and a Job.The ICC camp in Brownsville worked on the Blue Ridge Parkway' (Styles). According to an article called Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939 â€Å"The beginning of the war, on September 1st 1939 Poland was invaded by Germany. Germany defeated the Polish army within weeks and Britain and France declare war on Germany because Germany invaded Poland. Russia invaded eastern Poland on September 17thà ¢â‚¬  Billie Jean remembers this time Clearly â€Å"me and many other people were worried that Germany and Russia would invade the United States.I may have been worried but she felt safe in the mountains of North Carolina† (Styles). The U. S. Gets involved in the war. â€Å"On December 7th 1941 Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese† (Mueller). â€Å"The Japanese had planned to destroy the Pacific Fleet but failed because, all of the aircraft carriers were away on missions or training† (Pearl). â€Å"Billie remembers what she was doing when she heard the news about Pearl Harbor. She was working a Jigsaw puzzle while her father was on the couch listening to the radio- this was before the television.All of a sudden they heard We interrupt this program for a special announcement. Japan has bombed Pearl Harbor'. Billie and her family were sad for the families whose loved ones were injured or killed in the attack. They were also upset that the U. S. Had been attac ked. They continued to listen to the radio. Eventually, they heard â€Å"The U. S. Is now at war. † Since the U. S. Entered the war the government started to ration sugar and gas† (Billie). â€Å"The rationing of sugar and gas caused a rise in the black marker (Mueller).The Invasion to Normandy, â€Å"D-day, was on June 6 The plan was then to land and invade five beaches off the coast of France† (Mueller). Billie remembers what happened when the invasion was successful â€Å"The invasion was broadcast on the radio. I remember what happened when the invasion was successful. Everybody went to the town square to celebrate. The church bells were ringing, the fire whistle was going off and people were having fun. During this time period many stores shut down on Wednesday afternoons and people would get together and make victory gardens†.When asked what victory gardens were she replied Victory gardens were kitchen gardens planted during wartime to relieve food shortages† (Styles). â€Å"August 6th 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. This signaled the end of the war† (Mueller) Billie and her family were glad the war was over but sorrowful that so many people had to die to end it. They were also cared because such a destructive bomb had been developed (Styles). â€Å"After World War II everyone was rejoicing and relieved that the war was over.People were happy that the soldiers were returning home. Sugar and gas rations stopped; you could buy more at the grocery stores. After the war things died down and returned to normal† (Styles). Growing up around, during, and after World War II was an interesting time. There were many challenges and many exciting events, such as The Great Depression, D-day, Pearl Harbor, and Hiroshima. Billie Jean Styles and other people lived during this era. I chose Billie Jean Ramsey-styles as my interviewee cause she is my great, great grandmother, who is still alive.

Boko Haram

Boko Haram From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Boko Haram People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad | Participant in the Nigerian Sharia conflict| Active| 2002–| Ideology| Islamism Islamic fundamentalism Oppose man-made law Support strict sharia law| Leaders| Mohammed Yusuf Abubakar Shekau[1] Mallam Sanni Umaru[2][3][not in citation given]Abu Qaqa – spokesman[4] Abu Zaid – spokesman[3]| Headquarters| Kanamma, Nigeria|Area  of operations| Northern Nigeria| Opponents| Nigerian State| Battles/wars| Nigerian Sharia conflict 2009 Nigerian sectarian violence| Map of Nigerian states that currently implement Shariah (in green) People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad[5] (Arabic: , Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati Wal-Jihad), better known by its Hausa name Boko Haram, is a jihadist terrorist organization based in the northeast of Nigeria. 6] It is an Islamist movement which strongly opposes man-made laws. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2001[7] or 2002,[8] the organisation is a Muslim sect that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish sharia law in the country. [9][10] The group is also known for attacking Christian churches. [11] The movement, whose name in the Hausa language, Boko Haram, translates as â€Å"Western education is sacrilege†[9] or â€Å"a sin†,[12] is divided into three factions, and in 2011, was responsible for more than 450 killings in Nigeria. 9] Though the group first became known internationally following sectarian violence in Nigeria in 2009, it does not have a clear structure or evident chain of command. [13] Moreover, it is still a matter of debate whether Boko Haram has links to terror outfits outside Nigeria and its fighters have frequently clashed with Nigeria's central government. [9] Contents * 1 Etymology * 2 Ideology * 2. 1 Criticism * 3 History * 3. 1 Background * 3. 2 Origin * 3. 3 The beginning of violence * 3. 4 Reemergence * 4 Assessment * 5 Funding * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 External links| EtymologyThe group has adopted its official name to be People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad, which is the English translation of Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad ( ). In the town of Maiduguri, where the group was formed, the residents dubbed it Boko Haram. The term â€Å"Boko Haram† comes from the Hausa word boko meaning â€Å"western education† and the Arabic word haram figuratively meaning â€Å"sin† (literally, â€Å"forbidden†). [14][15][16][17] The name, loosely translated from Hausa, means â€Å"western education is forbidden†.The group earned this name due to its strong opposition to anything Western, which it sees as corrupting Muslims. [18] Ideology Boko Haram is an indigenous Salafist group which only turned itself into a Salafist Jihadist group in 2009. [6] It propagat es that not only interaction with the Western World is forbidden, but it is also against the Muslim establishment and the government of Nigeria. [19] The group publicly extols its ideology despite the fact that its founder and former leader Muhammad Yusuf was himself a highly educated man who lived a lavish life and drove a Mercedes Benz. 14] The members of the group do not interact with the local Muslim population[20] and have carried out assassinations in the past of any one who criticises it, including Muslim clerics. [18] In a 2009 BBC interview, Muhammad Yusuf, then leader of the group, stated his belief that the concept of a spherical Earth is contrary to Islamic teaching and should be rejected, along with Darwinian evolution and the concept of rain originating from water evaporated by the sun. [21] Before his death, Yusuf reiterated the group's objective of changing the current education system and rejecting democracy. 22] Nigerian academic Hussain Zakaria told BBC News that the controversial cleric had a graduate education, spoke proficient English, lived a lavish lifestyle and drove a Mercedes-Benz. [21] In the wake of the 2009 crackdown on its members and its subsequent reemergence, the growing frequency and geographical range of attacks attributed to Boko Haram have led some political and religious leaders in the north to the conclusion that the group has now expanded beyond its original religious composition to include not only Islamic militants, but criminal elements and disgruntled politicians as well. Boko Haram has become a franchise that anyone can buy into. It's something like a Bermuda Triangle,† said Borno State Governor Kashim Shettima. [23] Criticism Dr Mu’azu Babangida Aliyu, the Niger State governor, has criticised the group saying â€Å"Islam is known to be a religion of peace and does not condone violence and crime in any form† and Boko Haram doesn't represent Islam. [24] The Sultan of Sokoto Sa'adu Abubakar, the s piritual leader of Nigerian Muslims, has called the sect â€Å"anti-Islamic† and, as reported by the website AllAfrica. om, â€Å"an embarrassment to Islam. â€Å"[25] The Coalition of Muslim Clerics in Nigeria (CMCN) have called on the Boko Haram to disarm and embrace peace. [26] The Islamic Circle of North America,[27] the Islamic Supreme Council of Canada,[28] The Muslim Council of Britain,[29] the Organization of Islamic Cooperation[30] and the Council on American Islamic Relations[31] have all condemned the group. History Background Main articles: Islam in Nigeria and Colonial NigeriaBefore colonisation and subsequent annexation into the British Empire, the Bornu Empire ruled the territory where Boko Haram is currently active. It was a sovereign sultanate run according to the principles of the Constitution of Medina, with a majority Kanuri Muslim population. The Bornu Sultanate emerged after the overthrow of the Kanem-Bornu Empire ruled by the Saifawa dynasty for over 2000 years. The Bornu Sultanate of the Kanuri is distinct from the Sokoto Caliphate of the Hausa/Fulani established in 1802 by the military conquest of Usman dan Fodio. 6] Both the Bornu Sultanate and Sokoto Caliphate came under control of the British in 1903. However, due to activities of early Christian missionaries who used Western education as a tool for evangelism, it is viewed with suspicion by the local population. [18] Increased dissatisfaction gave rise to many fundamentalists among the Kanuri and other peoples of northeast Nigeria. One of the most famous such fundamentalists was Mohammed Marwa, also known as Maitatsine, who was at the height of his notoriety during the 1970s and 1980s.He was sent into exile by the British authorities, he refused to believe Mohammed was the Prophet and instigated riots in the country which resulted in the deaths of thousands of people. Some analysts view Boko Haram as an extension of the Maitatsine riots. [32] Origin The group was founded b y Mohammed Yusuf in 2002 in the city of Maiduguri with the aim of establishing a Shari'a government in Borno State under former Governor Ali Modu Sheriff. [7][32] He established a religious complex that included a mosque and a school where many poor families from across Nigeria and from neighboring countries enrolled their children. 18] The centre had ulterior political goals and soon it was also working as a recruiting ground for future jihadis to fight the state. [18] The group includes members who come from neighbouring Chad and Niger and speak only Arabic. [33] In 2004 the complex was relocated to Yusuf's home state of Yobe in the village Kanamma near the Niger border. [22] Human Rights Watch researcher Eric Guttschuss told IRIN News that Yusuf successfully attracted followers from unemployed youth â€Å"by speaking out against police and political corruption. Abdulkarim Mohammed, a researcher on Boko Haram, added that violent uprisings in Nigeria are ultimately due to â€Å"t he fallout of frustration with corruption and the attendant social malaise of poverty and unemployment. â€Å"[34] The beginning of violence Timeline of incidents| 7 September 2010| Bauchi prison break[35]| 31 December 2010| December 2010 Abuja attack[36]| 22 April 2011| Boko Haram frees 14 prisoners during a jailbreak in Yola, Adamawa State[37]| 29 May 2011| May 2011 northern Nigeria bombings[38]| 6 June 2011| The group claims responsibility for the 2011 Abuja police headquarters bombing[39][40]| 26 June 2011| Bombing attack on a beer garden in Maiduguri, leaving 25 dead and 12 injured[41][42]| 10 July 2011| Bombing at the All Christian Fellowship Church in Suleja, Niger State[43]| 11 July 2011| The University of Maiduguri temperory closes down its campus citing security concerns[44]| 12 August 2011| Prominent Muslim Cleric Liman Bana is shot dead by Boko Haram[45]| 26 August 2011| 2011 Abuja bombing[46]| November 2011| 2011 Damaturu attacks[40][47][48]| 25 December 2011| December 2011 Nigeria bombings[49]| 5–6 January 2012| January 2012 Nigeria attacks[50]| 20 January 2012| January 2012 Kano bombings[51]| 28 January 2012| Nigerian army says it killed 11 Boko Haram insurgents[52]| 8 February 2012| Boko Haram claims responsibility for a suicide bombing at the army headquarters in Kaduna. [53]| 16 February 2012| Another prison break staged in central Nigeria; 119 prisoners are released, one warder killed. 54]| 8 March 2012| During a British hostage rescue attempt to free Italian engineer Franco Lamolinara and Briton Christopher McManus, abducted in 2011 by a splinter group Boko Haram, both hostages were killed. [55]| The group conducted its operations more or less peacefully during the first seven years of its existence[6] That changed in 2009 when the Nigerian government launched an investigation into the group's activities following reports that its members were arming themselves. 56] Prior to that the government reportedly repeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militant character of the organisation, including that of a military officer. [56] When the government came into action, several members of the group were arrested in Bauchi, sparking deadly clashes with Nigerian security forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700 people. During the fighting with the security forces Boko Haram fighters reportedly â€Å"used fuel-laden motorcycles† and â€Å"bows with poison arrows† to attack a police station. [57] The group's founder and then leader Mohammed Yusuf was killed during this time while in police custody. 58][59][60] After Yusuf's killing, a new leader emerged whose identity was not known at the time. [61] Reemergence After the killing of M. Yusuf, the group carried out its first terrorist attack in Borno in January 2010. It resulted in the killing of four people. [62] Since then, the violence has only escalated in terms of both frequency and intensity. In January 2012, Abubakar Shekau, a form er deputy to Yusuf, appeared in a video posted on YouTube. According to Reuters, Shekau took control of the group after Yusuf's death in 2009. [1] Authorities had previously believed that Shekau died during the violence in 2009. 63] By early 2012, the group was responsible for over 900 deaths. [64] Assessment Boko Haram is considered a major potential terrorist threat affecting Nigeria and other countries, and U. S. officials believe it is potentially allied with Al Qaeda. U. S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) Commander General Carter F. Ham stated in September 2011 that three African terrorist groups – Shabab of Somalia, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb across the Sahel region, and Boko Haram – â€Å"have very explicitly and publicly voiced an intent to target Westerners, and the U.S. specifically† and that he was concerned with â€Å"the voiced intent of the three organizations to more closely collaborate and synchronize their efforts. â€Å"[65] General Ham reitera ted his concern after the Christmas Day 2011 bombings of churches in Nigeria: â€Å"I remain greatly concerned about their stated intent to connect with Al Qaeda senior leadership, most likely through Al Qaeda in the lands of the Islamic Maghreb. †[65] The US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence urged the Obama Administration and U.S. intelligence community in November 2011 to focus on Boko Haram as a potential threat to United States territory. [66] Nigeria's National Security Adviser, General Owoye Andrew Azazi, has been working with other African governments, European and Middle Eastern governments, and the U. S. government to build cooperation against Boko Haram. He met in 2010 with then-CIA Director Leon Panetta, and in 2011 with AFRICOM Commander General Ham, and other U. S. fficials, and was in the United States when the congressional panel was preparing its report on Boko Haram. He participated in a CIA conference at about the sam e time. [67] After the Christmas 2011 bombings carried out by Boko Haram, President Barack Obama's office issued a statement that confirmed that the U. S. and Nigeria were cooperating at a senior level against the terrorist group. [68] Funding A spokesman of Boko Haram claimed that Kano state governor Ibrahim Shekarau and Bauchi state governor Isa Yuguda has paid them monthly. [69][70]

Going for the Look Essay

Going for the Look Times continue to change and today people tend to judge a person on how they look. Companies are becoming more competitive and are looking for ways to attract customers. More retailers and companies are using the approach to hire based on appearance rather than work capability. Hiring should be based on work ethic, rather than appearance which can be discriminating. Companies all over the United States are denying people employment based on their physical appearance. In the United States people are told that everyone is given equal opportunity; which is untrue because there are people being denied employment due to how they are dressed, piercings or tattoos they have, and even weight. It is not our choice to decide what we look like. We do not decide to be tall, short, have small or big eyes, or what skin we are. People should not base hiring on physical appearance. Most retailers are now looking to hire people that look like models, characteristics being tall, slim, pretty face, & y oung. Retailers such as Abercrombie & Fitch, whose approach is to have an attractive sales force. Being a customer of Abercrombie, I have not seen an employee at Abercrombie being overweight. There employees look like beach models walking around the store. According to Mr. Serrano a former manager assistant at Abercrombie employees are told to approach and offer a job to someone who fits their store look. If someone walked into their store and they have a pretty face; employees are supposed to approach them and offer them a job even if they don’t have any retail experience. I believe that is wrong because if an older lady with retail experience were to apply for a job at Abercrombie she wouldn’t be the one hired. Statistics show that people who look better get paid more. More and more companies are using the approach to hire on appearance because they believe it attracts more customers. So many people are unemployed and looking for a job, yet retailers decide to hire on looks rather than work ethic. It’s understandable for a modeling agency to hire on appearance and looks, but a retail store like Abercrombie should not have that hiring strategy. How are older people supposed to have hope of being hired and retail stores when retailers are looking to hire young attractive people. Not everyone is born to be beautiful. Some people have better features than others. People should not be compared. Humans should be given equal employment opportunities and not be judged on how they look. AÂ  person can be beautiful on the outside and yet have an ugly personality. What is the point on hiring a pretty looking person when they can have bad customer service. I personally believe that a person should not be judged based on looks. Hiring based on physical appearance is discriminating and should stop. People around the United States are not having an equal employment opportunity. Hiring is not being based on job qualifications it is now being based on appearance. People deserve to be hired based work ethic. It is important for retailers and companies to realize everyone deserves an equal opportunity no matter how a person looks.

Language and torture Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Language and torture - Dissertation Example The entire situation gave rise to a new phrase, â€Å"War on Terror† which became a popular part of any lexicon. More than a phrase, as highlighted by Reese (2001), new frames were devised for ‘organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world’. As would any policy or the strategy advocate, administrations would look attracting legal frames to explain the concerns and would put their efforts to gain the discursive efforts, as antagonists, in turn, would seek to challenge those explanations and search for more favourable ones (Pan and Kosicki, 2001). One of the biggest errors in the American history of foreign policy is the creation of the political atmosphere that shaped the social thoughts to take the nation into the so-called War on Terror. The purpose of this dissertation revolves around the main point that how the War on Terror emerged as a social principle that was transm itted through the US press. It emerged as a challenge for American Journalists to resist the national concerns and pro-Bush commitment towards the nation which was narrated to them after the dreadful events of 9/11 followed by the Iraq war. In this dissertation, I have tried to explain that how the War on Terror was highlighted in the media, policy documents and presidential speeches which ultimately changed the mind-set of the general public. The paper explores that how the news media has remained active in propagating the entire situation and the various reports being published on the War on Terror after the incidence of 9/11. For example, USA Today is one of the examples that appeared as a prototypical national newspaper. In my opinion, the phrase; War on Terror was used very intelligently by certain group of people with specific agendas. It is very difficult, if not impossible to mention the specificities of those motivation, plans and goals; but if we analyse the matter with re trograde analysis one can easily understand the reasons behind the intentions of those unseen individuals. Although intentions are impossible to judge and express in words, I will try my best to give my abstract view on this particular matter. I believe that the war on terror was not only well engineered but also was well executed, when it comes to the achievement of those unseen hands, whereas the general public in many nations including United states of America has suffered tremendous damage to economy and reputation globally. The hands involved in the war was multinational with full of greed and hunger for power not to benefit any nation but to achieve personal power to shape the global economy, transfer of power and wealth. That war was good enough to stimulate the movement of industrial wheel of war related machineries, technologies and services at the cost of innocent human lives on both ends of the conflict and tax money of hard working people; which eventually ended up into rewarding the unseen group members and their friends a big chunk of wealth. Introduction In crude terms, it is commonly accepted that throughout the 20th century, U.S agents have engaged in what is termed by many as torture in numerous locations and at numerous times. The United Nations Convention Against torture â€Å"leaves no space for exceptional circumstances, whatsoever, such a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency which may be invoked

3 hours online test Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3 hours online test - Assignment Example Last fall, the FDA had promulgated an administrative proposed  rule  that  would have required  all pharmaceutical companies  that sold over-the-counter medications  to incorporate a special tracking bar code (i.e., UPC bars) on  their packaging to ensure that recalls could be done with very little trouble.  The bar codes cost about 35 cents per package. Robins & Robins lobbied hard against this rule and managed to get it stopped in the public comments period. They utilized multiple arguments, including the cost (which would be passed on to consumers). They also raised  Ã¢â‚¬Å"privacy† concerns, which they  discussed simply to get public interest groups upset.  (One of the drugs impacted is used for assisting with alcoholism treatment – specifically for withdrawal symptoms – and many alcoholics were afraid their use of the drug could be tracked back to them.) Robins  & Robins argued that people would be concerned about purchasing the medication with a tracking mechanism included with the packaging and managed to get enough public interest groups against the rule. The FDA decided not to impose the rule. Robins & Robins contract with Casings, Inc., states, in section 14 B.2.a., "The remedy for defects in supplies shall be limited to the cost of the parts supplied."  Casings, Inc., had negotiated that clause into the contract after a lawsuit from a person who was shot by a gun resulted in a partial judgment against Casings for contributory negligence. List any bases Robins & Robins could sue Casings, Inc.,  under contract theory ONLY  for the damages caused by the explosives in their drugs, over and above the cost of the capsule shells. (short answer question) An agreement which is legally enforceable between two or more parties having mutual obligations is said to be a Contract. Damages or compensation in monetary form of compensation is the remedial activity in case of a breach of contract. Specific performance or

Levendary Caf Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Levendary Caf Assignment - Case Study Example The CEO and other senior executives should consider either relocating or making several trips to China just to check how the business is doing. That way, your support and effectiveness as the CEO will be felt and Chen will realize that he needs to reason with you not to impose things even where changes should be respected. 2. Chen has a difficult personality that lead to a moment of disagreement in one of the meetings. Applying self-deprecating humor where you laugh over issues as a way of expressing connection in communication could help you in knowing how to handle the problem. 3. Between you and Chen, there is a standoff that needs to be addressed. There is what you believe is the right thing to do and Chen has another thing to do. Creating an open door policy where you present yourself as presentable will make it easy to communicate to Chen despite the fact that you are the boss. Chen has proved to be difficult but for a worthy reason. He feels he has built the brand in China alone and opening 23 outlets has been his major achievement. With that in mind, Chen has also tried to provide the China market with what he thinks will sell in China. However, he has not maintained the company’s standards that are important for the establishment’s uniqueness. Foster on the other hand, you are in your first job as a CEO of an already established brand. To address that, Chen and other executives need to be taken for a refresher course in corporate management and brand management. Remember Chen did no go through formal hiring process as well as he could be in his first senior position in the corporate arena. Taking him and other executives for the course will enhance his skills. However, this is likely to raise criticism from Chen and the China market stakeholders. Some may see it as an act of intimidation. It could be classified as an action towards an inco mpetent worker, of

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example Provision of intensive services directly occupying a large part of the juvenile’s time further reduces the ability of the individual juvenile to re-offend. Matching offender’s personality and learning styles with the program that will most effectively address their delinquent behaviors. Including relapse prevention is essential to the reduction of offense by juvenile offenders. This includes practicing alternative responses and the use of risk reward styled approaches, additionally by teaching the family unit how to avoid certain behaviors and rewarding positive behavior the further reduction of offense is realized. Integration of community based services allows the individual juvenile offenders to both positively affect their local community as well as instilling a sense of need within the juveniles. Lastly, reinforcing integrity of the services provided helps to ensure that each program in use is effective and is approaching the situation properly. Evaluation of each program for functionality is essential for the continued effectiveness of each program. I firmly believe that these are attainable principles and that the use of each approach is important.

Functional Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Functional Foods - Essay Example The most important issue about the functional foods is the disturbance they cause in the natural mineral balance of the food products. Nature has created the consumable food products in a balanced form and no single mineral or vitamin exists in the excessive form in ordinary food materials. However, when certain vitamins and minerals are added to these food products, the natural balance is disturbed which consequently changes the nutrition value of the food. As the nutrition value of the food product is changed the intake of such foods must also be varied accordingly. Unfortunately, FDA does not put any restriction regarding the addition of nutrients to food materials. Functional foods are not treated with drugs and they can be marketed as foods without any prior permission from FDA. The only restriction that FDA puts on the manufacturers of these functional foods is regarding their advertisement and labeling; the manufacturers are required to provide all the nutrients labeled on the packing in correct proportions. Since the consumers are not aware of the use of multivitamins and additional minerals in their diet, the increasing trend of using functional foods can be harmful to the health of consumers. Some of the physicians, trainers, and physiotherapists are also unaware of the use of dietary supplements and they recommend these products to athletes and other consumers for enhancing body performance and energy levels; no such effect of these products has been observed in healthy adults. Each supplementary mineral and vitamin has specific application in human body and additional amount of these products are required in specific scenarios. Therefore the unchecked and random use of functional foods can deteriorate human health and greater amounts of these minerals could result in toxic depositions in human body. Unfortunately mineral supplements and multi vitamins are added in ordinary and everyday use foods and consumers are forced to buy and use them, thus a check and regulatory mechanism is r equired in order to ensure safe use of functional foods and dietary supplements (Thompson and Manore 187). The United States Pharmacopeial Convention is a nonprofit organization

Foreign Direct Investment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Direct Investment - Term Paper Example The power theory  explains why a firm will invest abroad, it is a classical theory developed by the work of Adam Smith who stated that as firms grow and profits increase foreign direct investment enable the firm to shift surplus capital by investing elsewhere, the firm will also invest abroad due to increased competition in the home country and therefore decides to invest abroad where there is low competition. The work of Karl Marx also explains the existence of foreign direct investment, according to Marx as the rate of consumption in the home country decreases the profits of the firm declines and for this reason, the firm will invest abroad for the reason of increasing consumption levels and profit levels.   Therefore a firm according to this macroeconomic theory will invest abroad due to their abundance in capital and they will invest in the country which uses labor-intensive means of production in order to increase profits as the cost of production is lower, the firm will find it more advantageous to invest in a country where labor cost is lower as the cost of labor in the home country is higher than the country abroad.  Ã‚   investing overseas, the firm which invests in other countries will experience economies of scale by investing in other countries which will be experienced due to the intangible assets that they possess, such intangible resources include skilled management and organizational know-how which aid in experiencing the economies of scale when they invest abroad. The firms, therefore, will experience economies of scale in the market abroad due to their possession of technological know-how whereby they will be in a position to reduce their cost of production.   Location advantage theory: This theory explains the product cycle which involves the production of new products using new technology and this products are first introduced to the home market, by investing abroad therefore the firm will be in a position to easily shift the production of these new products due to the nearness to the market abroad and also low cost of factors of production.

What is the value of computerized medical records for patient care Essay

What is the value of computerized medical records for patient care - Essay Example In this regard, it is claimed that computerized medical health records reduce the costs as well as the time associated with maintaining paper records (Rozenbluma et al., 2013). In addition, it is claimed that computerized medical records streamline workflow process, promotes the quality of patients’ care as well as patients’ safety (GE Healthcare, 2011; Rosen, 2010). Caffrey & Park-Lee, (2013) propagated that computerized medical records provide a significant advantage in the overall â€Å"implementation and evaluation processes† of patient health, which is the major pitfall in the traditional system (Caffrey & Park-Lee, 2013). In addition, computerized medical records are advocated to ensure more reliable and complete medical records, which in turn increases the reliability of health care delivered to the patients. Besides, data that are stored in the form of computerized medical records can be retrieved quickly, which further supports the clinical decision maki ng. Precisely stating, the benefits associated with computerized medical records are argued to be substantial to patients, clinic practices, physicians and health care service providers in the current health care industry (Healthcare IT News, 2005; Wang et al., 2003). Rozenbluma, R., Donzà ©, J., Hockey, P. M., Guzdar, E., Labuzettaa, M. A., Zimlichmana, E., & Batesa, D. W. (2013). The impact of medical informatics on patient satisfaction: A USA-based literature review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 82(3), 141-158. Wang, S. J., Middleton, B., Prosser, L. A., Bardon, C. G., Spurr, C. D., Carchidi, P. J., Kittler, A. F., Goldszer, R. C., Fairchild, D. J., Sussman, A. J., Kuperman, G. J., & Bates, D. W. (2003). A cost-benefit analysis of electronic medical records in primary care. The American Journal of Medicine, 114,

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public health - Essay Example As such, they must also be addressed on a regional level and it appropriately becomes the function of the government to take adequate measures to control the outbreak of infectious diseases. The utility of such integrated approached have been demonstrated many time before. The reduction of typhoid incidences in nineteenth century France have been attributed to improved sanitation facilities (Woods, 2003), and the prolonged vector breeding and parasite transmission reduction programs have been responsible for the remarkable reduction of malaria in South America, Central America and many Asian countries. Johansson and Mosk (1997) have detailed the impact of public health interventions on adult mortality rates in Japan. The choice of India for the evaluation of it’s communicate disease and emergency control facilities is justified both by the size of her population as well as the emerging role that she is destined to play in the socio political activities of the future. India is endowed with immense resources – mineral, natural, cultural as well as in terms of trained and untrained manpower. The administrative capacity of Indian Government is considerable. Within a span of fifty years from her Independence, the nation has exponentiated its agricultural production, dampened surging growth rates and successfully withstood massive famines. The reach of the bureaucracy spans the entire subcontinent from where it effectively collects revenues, conducts the largest democratic elections in the world and through periodic census creates an immense pool of statistical data. Indian pharmacology, medicine and information processing skills have already attracted the attention of the world. . Its b asic public health infrastructure (laboratories, clinics etc) has been successful at carrying out complicated development programs requiring a high level of coordination and outreach-such as increasing agricultural production

Juvenile Delinquency related to drugs and alcohol Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Delinquency related to drugs and alcohol Essay To tackle this topical issue, it is fairly relevant to first of all define some key terminology employed in contextual jargon as regards the question at hand. At the fore, a juvenile can be said to be a minor of such age as may be stipulated by a particular state, usually below the age of sixteen (16) or seventeen (17) years, who may be in the frame of mind to willfully conceive criminal intent whilst perpetrating a crime, be it in the form of a robbery, murder or assorted other criminal acts. Along the same line, ‘juvenile crime’ denotes several offences committed by the said minors (less than 18 years), infamously referred to as juvenile delinquency, and may include acts which would be considered ‘crimes’ if committed by adults, and misbehavior like disobedience to parents and authorities or even instances of truancy. As may be warranted by prevailing circumstance, such youthful offenders may be put to trial as either full-blown adults or simply in a capacity as juveniles, as influenced by a variety of factors, inclusive of the severity of the crime in question. For the more weighty crimes, the juvenile offender may be tried in either a juvenile or adult court, then subsequently incarcerated among the adults or juveniles, as the presiding judge may deem fit. More serious criminal offences may even spell out prison sentences for the ‘minor’ (Stafford, 1991). However, the root causes of juvenile delinquency remain a baffling mystery, as clear-cut reasons are yet to be outlined for the same. However, it is clear that the major causes of delinquency are the use of alcohol and abuse of drugs and substances. Some theorists pen a myriad of intervention mechanisms to aid in arresting this situation before it grows into being the downfall of youths the world over. In this reaction paper, I endeavor to handle each of these issues, one at a time (Shaw, 1942).). Drug trafficking has become the major source of violence in the country with rival gangs engaging in extreme violence that sometimes leads to fatality. Drug abusers sometimes results to crime in order to acquire money to satisfy their addictions since drugs are expensive. Furthermore, drugs alienate one from reality and leads to aggressive behavior which results to violence or misdemeanor. A lot of attention has been given in this area and extensive findings exist. However, it is clear that there is room for more to be done since this existing literature has not resulted to a dramatic decrease from behavior that is considered wrong in society. Furthermore, there seems to be little or inadequate research on the effect of to younger siblings if their older counterparts are abusers of alcohol and drugs (Kuntsche et al, 2009). Causal Relationships Diverse theories have been put forth as relates to the chief reasons why there is the onset of juvenile tendencies in the first place, and why this eventually metamorphosis’s into criminality in the long run. Among those advanced include schools of thought which are modeled around historical and modern – day scenarios. These theoretical traditions range from deliberations on; Theories:   Early theories – these peg the juvenile tendencies to the forces of nature, for example, spiritual beings and even demons. Key aspects in this arena include deliberations on naturalism (the science relating human affairs and eventual behavior to interactions with the forces of nature) and spiritualism, whereby deviance and criminal tendencies can be pegged to influences of nature, and the perpetrator’s inappropriate connection with supernatural powers that be. In this theory, offenses were considered to be against nature itself The Classical theory, which goes on to rationalize personal choice, brings to focus the issue of humanitarianism. Theorists here are of the stance that proven perpetrators ought to be held personally accountable for their delinquent acts, and that punishment was best administered accordingly. This was based on the premises that humans are by nature reasonably rational, criminality being morally wrong and outlawed in society, and also that the civil society would play its role of disciplining wrong-doers as a form of deterrent mechanism, with such punishment being proportionate to the crime at hand (Loeber, 1989). Biological theories, which detail the physiological developmental traits of juveniles, in relation to their physical development, mental (under) development, or even hereditary characteristics, and their eventual impact on human behavior. It holds that some people are naturally-inclined toward being deviant, and that it is woven-into their genes, with little or no chance of altering this state of being. The point of note here is that delinquency and its roots are traced to a person’s physical/ physiological predisposition, as opposed mainly to the question of free will. Chief among these are theories dealing with hereditary issues (heredity), evolution of man and his characteristics (atavism), as well as, The development of certain bodily traits that are common amongst people already oriented toward behaving in a particular manner (somatotyping), to name but a few. Psychological theories – these touch on psychopathic personalities, correlation between dysfunctional and/ or troubled childhoods and the prevalence of the juvenile mannerisms in individuals. These also ascribe deviant behavior to one’s surrounding environment, as may be influenced by chemical interplay in the brain, or an assorted number of reasons. Here, it is necessary to   point out that delinquents may not have a sense of right or wrong as they go about their deviant actions, and that not only can’t they control themselves, but also, their personalities border being christened ‘abnormal’, and the root of such can be re-traced back to their age as little children. These include; Psychopathology, which relates one’s lack of a viable conscience to deviant mannerisms and also, the dys-functioning of given personalities, conditioning, which details the response to stimulating factors prevalent in the environment, and Psychoanalysis, dealing with incomplete development of one’s personality. Sociological theories – serve to link deviance to societal interactions and also the already existing caste structures, not to mention the inherent disparities in existence between the level of achieving goals and objectives and actually being in a position to go about the same. These include; Differential Association theory, which deals with ways in which we as humans have the tendency of picking up all manner of behavior from those around us. It further posits that delinquency is an acquired behavior that is adopted from lifestyles of varying criminals. The Structural/ Social Ecology theory, as pertains to structural conditions in a given area that may play a pivotal role in shaping the mental framework of individuals inhabiting that area. These include; overcrowding, unemployment, poor housing, poverty, sub-standard sanitation, and last but not least, illegitimate births. Strain and anomie theory; anomie details the aspect of lack of norms in society, especially in instances where there may be experienced some upheavals like wars and the like. When this materializes, the traditional customs and regulations are no longer abided by. Conversely, Strain refers to a situation whereby there already exists a standard set of acceptable goals and means of achieving the same. The inherent problem however, is that not all members of society have the necessary resources to go about meeting this end, thus, a scenario of need is created with some members literally straining to make ends meet, as it were. Thus, lack of opportunity and inequality can be zoned off as the major bones of contention here. Critical theory – has a lot to do with forces of subjugation in society, and also the capitalistic nature of shrewd individuals. Societal inequities play a major role in molding the character and adaptive mind-state of given persons, more so in the earlier years right after one begins the journey to discover him/ herself.   This is further broken down into; Radical criminology; this has the general proposition that since the wealth and power in society have been inequitably distributed, then, those less economically empowered will ultimately seek out alternative modes, mostly of criminal nature, so as to achieve whatever it is they are in (dire) need of. This situation is set to persist until control mechanisms are put in place by society to ensure that all and sundry are catered for as pertains to the same. Conflict theory; the main assumption is that societal conflicts and tensions are part and parcel of society in general. There thus arises a distinctive classification of peoples, pitting the haves against the have-nots, with the latter being tagged in a relatively negative light. The theory posits that there subsequently arises the need for specialized institutions that can be employed to maintain a certain degree of law and order in society. Thus, in a nutshell, this theory serves to deliberate the economic tensions created, focus being placed on the political and economic systems in existence.

Mona Lisa By Leonardo Da Vinci English Literature Essay

Mona Lisa By Leonardo Da Vinci English Literature Essay This essay is devoted to a masterpiece by the hand of one of the greatest artist this world has seen, The Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci. The intent is to address the story behind this painting, trying to unveil some of the mysteries that lie behind her smile or at least the reason of the commission to begin with. The artistic methods and especially the more specific description of the uniqueness of the Mona Lisa will be a focal point of the text. The portrait was painted in a theme, well known in the early sixteenth century, the differences however, both prominent and subtle; make this artwork, in the opinion of many, the Magnum Opus of Leonardo Da Vinci. My choice of subject lies in my personal encounter with her when visiting Paris, France. The expectations I had were of course very high, la piece du resistance of the Louvre must have something very special to offer. Still I told myself that the hype around this painting must have been more important in reaching her current status than the actual beauty of the painting. To my great astonishing I must confess that even from the distance visitors have to keep from the painting, she was amazing. It is difficult to imagine that such an ordinary portrait to the lay mans eye, can still captivate and inspire it. After about ten minutes of staring at the painting, being surrounded by Japanese tourists, I left inebriated with the Mona Lisa and finally understood the publicity surrounding her. Therefore I have written this essay. b) Context In first appearance it seems quite remarkable and perhaps even odd, that Leonardo Da Vinci did not want to work for the margravine of Mantua, even though he was allowed to choose the setting in which the portrait would take place, as well as the delivery date. Apparently Leonardo lived off of the savings he had transferred to his account in Florence before leaving Milan. He seemed to prefer the scientific studies that did not generate any income and which were frowned upon by the people who lived in his age. In the light of this event it is even more remarkable that Leonardo decided to work per order of Francesco Del Giocondo (1460-1539) in the spring of 1503, to make a portrait of his wife Lisa Gherardini (1479-after 1551?). This portrait would later be known by the name of the Mona Lisa. The reason for this remarkable decision by Leonardo could be that he had a personal relationship with the Giocondo family. The family Giocondo belonged to the same social class as Leonardo and his father Ser Piero. Da Vinci knew people who had close relationships with Francesco Del Giocondo. Even more so, was the family-chapel of the Giocondo family located in the SS. Annunziata in Florence, the church for which Leonardo started with his cardboard with the Annaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The circumstances in which the Mona Lisa was created are relatively well known. Lisa del Giocondo was born in 1479 as the daughter of Antonmaria Gherardini and was married on the fifth of march 1495to Francesco Del Giocondo, born in 1460 and a son of the prospering Florentine family of silk merchants. It is safe to assume that this man, in contradiction to the margavine of Matua, not ordered this painting in the spur of the moment if you will, but usually had clear motives to make such an investment. This also holds for the Mona Lisa. Francesco Del Giocondo had bought a new home for its young family, in the spring of 1503. Lisa had given birth to her second son Andrea only several months before that, this was considered a good reason to order a portrait in the Florence of the fifteenth and sixteenth century A.D., even more so because the birth of their son Andrea must have had a very important significance, since the child mortality rates were frighteningly high in that period. Lisa Gherardini was the third woman to be wedded to Francesco Del Giocondo, after the tragic deaths of both his first and second wife. Both losses were due to child birth, either during the delivery itself or shortly after. Lisa had given birth to their son Piero in 1496, and apparently she got through pregnancy and births relatively care free. The unfortunate event of losing a daughter during birth in 1499 caused a major blow to the Giocondo family. It is therefore understandable that Francesco had even more motivation to eternalize his spouse than the average well off business man, when taking his previous experiences into account that caused a lot of hardship. The peculiar fact of the matter is that the portrait actually never reached its destination, since several years later around 1510, Leonardo Da Vinci was no longer residing in the city of Firenze as the Italians call it. c) Content Leonardo based his formal composition of the portrait of Lisa Giocondo in first instance on the examples of Florentine portraits of the late fourteen hundreds. The woman is pictured turning her upper body for approximately two-third to the spectator. Another feature often recognizable for portraits of this region and period are the pillars between the back-country is visible which creates a greater sense of depth and distance; this however is not used by Leonardo Da Vinci in this particular painting. The figure portrayed in the Mona Lisa is positioned more to the front of the frame than Flemish examples of the same period. The smaller distance between the viewer and the woman portrayed creates an intensified impression, while the landscape on the background creates a large sense of depth, the lack of pillars or a window through which the spectator looks seems a daring decision of Leonardo, the result simply astonishing. Below an example illustrates the difference between a portrait of the same period and the different style that is recognizable in Da Vincis work. Rafaà «l Leonardo Da Vincihttp://www.timealone.com/webstuff/CWIA/the-women-thumbnails/raphael/files/blocks_image_4_1.pnghttp://bartoszweglarczyk.blox.pl/resource/monalisa.jpg Lady with a unicorn Mona Lisa 1504 1503 Mountains and canyons fade away as they get closer to the horizon into a blue-green sky. In the pale landscape there is a road on the left and a dried-up riverbed on the right can be detected once observing closely. The water reserve or lake on the left side of the painting, around the height of her chin does not seem to be connected to the riverbed, one would expect there to be some sort of dried up reserve on the upper right beyond the limits of the painting. The separate elements of the dry landscape can be traced back to the religious paintings often portraying the Virgin Mary, the similarities between those pieces of art and the Mona Lisa are striking in several ways, most likely intentional. It was common in for woman of good descent to be depicted as a virtuous and beautiful, what better way than to depict one in a similar matter as the most virtuous and beautiful of all. The positioning of the hands are a symbol of a virtuous and morally upright lifestyle, such as described i n books written in that period. This message hidden in the details by the artist does not end here: a very delicate veil covers the loosely draped hair; the dark dress is enriched by the embroideries and vertical folds in the fabric; the dark yellow colored sleeves have a light glistening quality makes it look more beautiful, these details enrich the delicate character of the painting, associated with the example of a virtues woman. The face and hands in particular are made more tangible by the use of lighting and shades, the light that shines from the back onto the woman makes her stand out even more. d) Artistic nature http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=4112dict=CALDtopic=the-visual-arts-in-general The first tread towards the disclosure of the artistic nature of the Mona Lisa, the careful analysis of the noun art should be conducted in order to elucidate the basis of the argumentation. The Cambridge dictionary defines art as The making of objects, images, etc. that are beautiful or that express feelings. The immediate hurdle one finds when analyzing this sentence is the fundamental question which is: what is beauty?Before stepping foot in this exceptionally complicated matter I will take into account a number of theories that have been formulated on the matter. Marie-Henri Beyle was a writer who lived in nineteenth century France, he is better known by his pseudonym Stendhal. The following translated quotation taken from his work De LAmour of 1822 gives an interesting take on the matter of beauty: Beauty is nothing other than the promise of happiness. The French original states: La beautà © nest que la promesse du Bonheur. (De LAmour, 1822, pg. 34) The context in which this sentence is placed is important in order to fully appreciate the message of Stendhal, for he mentions the differences in the standards different nationals have, concerning attractiveness of woman, therefore beauty. The words by Marie-Henri Beyle could make a person wonder whether a certain work of art indeed promises happiness of some kind, for instance the Mona Lisa. The fascination people have for this painting, mere observers and even her creator himself, shows the level of interest or even intoxication the painting has on people. If the human kind is constantly trying to improve its life, in other words; trying to find happiness, than the fascination so many people have for the Mona Lisa should be counted as evidence of her beauty. Therefore the sentence Beauty is nothing other than the promise of happiness seems applicable to the Mona Lisa. The Analysis of Beauty by William Hogarth draws different conclusions concerning beauty than Beyle; the scientific approach used by the former is especially significant, because it is the first scientific and empirical research on the subject of beauty. The subtitle describes the aim of the author With a view of fixing the fluctuating ideas of taste. William Hogarth used the picture portrayed below and asked his subjects to tell him which corset of one up to and including seven, they perceived as the most beautiful corset. Before conducting the research he states that he is sure that most of the subjects will choose one of the middle three corsets, his personal favorite is number four, the one in the middle. The reason he gives is that the numbers higher than four are too curved and the numbers lower are too rigid or straight. Similar questions are asked when using different examples such as noses and even table legs. The results show that indeed the middle option is chosen most often by his subjects, confirming his earlier belief. The reason why one chooses for the middle option, according to Hogarth, is that the most beautiful picture in all cases consists of light curved lines. These lines can be found in nature, for instance if one would take a ribbon and start from the back of a womans neck and end at the lowest part of the corset, the fabric would draw a light curved line. The more this perfect line is approached in curviness the more beautiful it becomes, the farther away from it she goes, the l ess beautiful it becomes. His theory as to why this phenomenon occurs is psychological; he believed that the human mind has developed in such a way that it likes variation. Human beings like change because it stimulates them, too much or too rapid change however is confusing and exhausting. As a reaction to this, people look for regularity as a form of relief, but too much uniformity becomes tiresome an obnoxious. That is the reason why most pleasant things both reward our longing for variation and our need for uniformity, the beauty is in the balance. The curved line drawn on the cover of his book is exactly that balance, according to Hogarth. The line that has the perfect variety, as portrayed above inside of the pyramid, has been implemented by me in order to see whether or not the Mona Lisa of Leonardo Da Vinci has the perfect curve that would explain the beauty of the painting, or vice versa; prove the painting to be beautiful according to Hogarth. The line starts at her right wrist, following the natural position f her arm. The slight curve starts a bit above her elbow and it straightens out, near the ending of her right breast, seeing as one follows the red line from bottom to top. The second curve is inspired by the shadow that the artist has added to her face, serving as a boundary if you will. The cheekbone is quite prominent at the left side of her face, therefore strengthening the motive to draw the line there. The last part simply follows the shape of her head, of course taking into account that her hair increases the volume quite a bit. http://www.cichw.net/monananch/analysish.JPG The making of objects, images, music, etc. that are beautiful or that express feelings, The activity of painting, drawing and making sculpture, Paintings, drawings and sculptures, An activity through which people express particular ideas. It might seem like an odd way of determining the artistic nature of a painting: using the formal definition of the word art as a starting point. Nevertheless, in order to establish a solid argumentation I find it of vital importance to use an unyielding basis to reflect on such an elusive subject. The painting of Lisa Giocondo is, by definition, art. The most important issue that needs to be addressed however is not whether or not this painting can be defined in such a way. This piece of art is such a global icon, for in some, perhaps indescribable manner, it inspires and captivates people. When one thinks of art, an image that is not unlikely to appear is that of this very woman, therefore the following bold statement could be made that: the Mona Lisa is not only a magnificent piece of art, or can be defined in such a way: it has defined art itself.

The substitution reactions

The substitution reactions Acknowledgement The preparation of this project on the topic- substitution reactions.: a profile would not have been possible without the valuable contribution of my TEACHERS. I would like to give most specially thanks to my CHE sir Dr. Ashish kumar who is my chemistry teacher to giving me the important guidelines during making this project. So, I hope this project will provide large and sufficient information about the different coordination numbers present in the coordination chemistry. Introduction In substitution reaction, afunctional groupin a particularchemical compoundis replaced by another group[1]. Inorganic chemistry, theelectrophilicandnucleophilicsubstitution reactions are of prime importance. Organic substitution reactions classified in several mainorganic reactiontypes depending on whether thereagentthat brings about the substitution is considered anelectrophileor anucleophile, whether areactive intermediateinvolved in the reaction is acarbocation, acarbanionor afree radicalor whether thesubstrateisaliphaticor aromatic. It also is helpful for optimizing a reaction with regard to variables such as temperature and choice of solvent Substitution reaction : chlorination of methane Nuclophilic reactions: These kind of substitution reactions happen when the reagent is a nucleophile, which means, an atom or molecule with free electrons. Anucleophilereacts with analiphaticsubstrate in anucleophilic aliphatic substitutionreaction. When the substrate is anaromaticcompound the reaction type isnucleophilic aromatic substitution. Carboxylic acidderivatives react with nucleophiles innucleophilic acyl substitution. This kind of reaction can be useful in preparing compounds The Nucleophilic substitutions can be produced by two different mechanisms: Monomolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1): In this case the reaction proceeds in stages, the compounds first dissociate in their ions and then this ions react between them. Its produced by carbocations. Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2): In this case the reaction proceeds in only one stage. The attack of the reagent and the expulsion of the leaving group happen simultaneously. Electrophilic reaction Electrophilesare involved inelectrophilic substitutionreactions and particularly inelectrophilic aromatic substitutions: Electrophilic reactions to other unsaturated compounds thanarenesgenerally lead toelectrophilic additionrather than substitution. Radical substitutions Aradical substitutionreaction involvesradicals The term nucleophile comes from the Greek meaning nucleus loving, in other words nucleophiles seek positive charged centres. Nucleophiles have lone pairs of electrons and may carry a negative charge. There are many examples of nucleophiles, such asNH3,H2O,CN-,HC?C-, andOH-. Alkyl halides contain a halogen (X =F,Cl,BrorI) covalently bonded to a carbon atom. Due to the electronegativity differences between carbon and the halide, theC-Xbond is polar with a partial positive charge (?+) on the carbon atom and a partial negative charge (?-) on the halogen. Halogens are good leaving groups and can be replaced by an incoming nucleophile. Nucleophilic substitution is the reaction of an electron pair donor (the nucleophile, Nu) with an electron pair acceptor (the electrophile). An sp3-hybridized electrophile must have a leaving group (X) in order for the reaction to take place. Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution The term SN2 means that two molecules are involved in the actual transition state: The departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously with the backside attack by the nucleophile. The SN2 reaction thus leads to a predictable configuration of the stereocenter it proceeds with inversion (reversal of the configuration). In the SN1 reaction, a planar carbenium ion is formed first, which then reacts further with the nucleophile. Since the nucleophile is free to attack from either side, this reaction is associated with racemization. In both reactions, the nucleophile competes with the leaving group. Because of this, one must realize what properties a leaving group should have, and what constitutes a good nucleophile. For this reason, it is worthwhile to know which factors will determine whether a reaction follows an SN1 or SN2 pathway. Common examples include Organic reductionswithhydrides, for example R-X?R-HusingLiAlH4 (SN2) hydrolysisreactions such as R-Br + OH-?R-OH+Br-(SN2) or R-Br + H2O ? R-OH +HBr (SN1) Williamson ether synthesis R-Br +OR-?R-OR+ Br- (SN2) Electrophilic substitution Electrophilic aromatic substitutionorEASis anorganic reactionin which an atom, usuallyhydrogen, appended to anaromatic systemis replaced by anelectrophile. The most important reactions of this type that take place arearomatic nitration,aromatic halogenation,aromatic sulfonation, and acylation and alkylatingFriedel-Crafts reactions. Basic reaction Aromatic nitrationsto formnitro compoundstake place by generating a nitronium ion fromnitric acidandsulfuric acid. Aromatic sulfonationofbenzenewith fumingsulfuric acidgives benzenesulfonic acid. Aromatic halogenationof benzene withbromine,chlorineoriodinegives the corresponding aryl halogen compounds catalyzed by the corresponding iron trihalide. TheFriedel-Crafts reactionexists as anacylationand analkylationwith acyl halides oralkyl halidesas reactants. The catalyst is most typicallyaluminium trichloride, but almost any strongLewis acidcan be used. In Fridel-Crafts acylation, a full measure of aluminium trichloride must be used, as opposed to a catalytic amount. Basic reaction mechanism In the first step of thereaction mechanismfor this reaction, the electron-rich aromatic ring which in the simplest case isbenzeneattacks the electrophileA. This leads to the formation of a positively-charged cyclohexadienylcation, also known as anarenium ion. Thiscarbocationis unstable, owing both to the positive charge on the molecule and to the temporary loss ofaromaticity. However, the cyclohexadienyl cation is partially stabilized byresonance, which allows the positive charge to be distributed over three carbon atoms. In the second stage of the reaction, aLewis baseBdonates electrons to the hydrogen atom at the point of electrophilic attack, and the electrons shared by the hydrogen return to thepisystem, restoring aromaticity. An electrophilic substitution reaction on benzene does not always result in monosubstitution. While electrophilic substituents usually withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring and thus deactivate it against further reaction, a sufficiently strong electrophile can perform a second or even a third substitution. This is especially the case with the use ofcatalysts. Radical Substitution Radicals A radical is a species that contains unpaired electrons. Typically formed by a homolytic bond cleavage as represented by the fishhook curved arrows: RADICAL CHAIN MECHANISM FOR REACTION OF METHANE WITH Br2 Step 1 (Initiation) Heat or uv light cause the weak halogen bond to undergo homolytic cleavage to generate two bromine radicals and starting the chain process. Step 2 (Propagation) A bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen to form HBr and a methyl radical, then The methyl radical abstracts a bromine atom from another molecule of Br2to form the methyl bromide product andanotherbromine radical, which can then itself undergo reaction 2(a) creating a cycle that can repeat. Step 3 (Termination) Various reactions between the possible pairs of radicals allow for the formation of ethane, Br2or the product, methyl bromide. These reactions remove radicals and do not perpetuate the cycle. There are two components to understanding the selectivity of radical halogenations of alkanes: reactivity of R-H system reactivity of X. R-H The strength of the R-H varies slightly depending on whether the H is 1o, 2oor 3o. The following table shows the bond dissociation energy, that is the energy required to break the bond in a homolytic fashion, generating R.and H. Halogen radical, X. Bromine radicals are less reactive than chlorine radicals Br.tends to be more selective in its reactions, and prefers to react with the weaker R-H bonds. The more reactive chlorine radical is less discriminating in what it reacts with. The selectivity of the radical reactions can be predicted mathematically based on a combination of an experimentally determined reactivity factor, Ri, and a statistical factor, nHi. In order to use the equation shown below we need to look at our original alkane and look at each H in turn to see what product it would give if it were to be susbtituted. This is an exercise in recognizing different types of hydrogen, something that will be important later. REFERENCES:- Chang Raymond www.wikepedia.org www.google.com

Structure of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Br

Structure of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚         â€Å"Almost all literary theorists since Aristotle have emphasized the importance of structure, conceived in diverse ways, in analyzing a work of literature† (Abrams 300). This essay will explore some interesting points in the structure of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† considering the time-frame, foreshadowing, suspenseful incidents, climax and denouement (Axelrod 337).    The narrative in this tale is straightforward until the narrator, late in the story, asks the reader: "Had Goodman Brown fallen asleep in the forest, and only dreamed a wild dream of a witch-meeting?† This query gives the reader the option of believing that the story is mostly a dream. The tale encompasses a period of time from sunset, when the young Puritan Goodman Brown leaves his wife in the doorway of their home, till the next morning when he returns to Salem village after spending the night in the woods.    As Brown leaves the house at the beginning of the story, his wife Faith foreshadows coming events with her reference to dreams:    "Dearest heart," whispered she, softly and rather sadly, when her lips were close to his ear, "pr'ythee, put off your journey until sunrise, and sleep in your own bed tonight. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts, that she's afeard of herself, sometimes. Pray, tarry with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year!"      Faith’s use of dreams as an excuse for her husband to stay home on this particular evening is anticipatory of Goodman’s experience in the woods, which turns out to be possibly a dream; in other words, the bulk of the narrative could be only a dream. The devil, furthermore, introduces the ... ...ith Goodman until his dying day: â€Å"And when he had lived long, and was borne to his grave, a hoary corpse, followed by Faith, an aged woman, and children and grandchildren, a goodly procession, besides neighbors, not a few, they carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom.†    In this essay we have seen some interesting points in the structure of   â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† including the time-frame, the use of foreshadowing, suspenseful incidents, climax and denouement.    WORKS CITED    Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.    Axelrod, Rise B. The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing, 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† 1835. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.html   

Comparing Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes Flea Es

Andrew Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress and John Donne’s Flea Andrew Marvell and John Donne both wrote â€Å"carpe diem† poetry full of vivid imagery and metaphysical conceits. This message can be clearly seen in the poems "To His Coy Mistress" by Marvell and Donne’s "Flea." Though both poems take a similar approach to the topic addressed, it is Marvell that writes more thoughtfully and carefully, coercing instead of Donne’s seemed demanding\begging. The speaker in â€Å"Coy Mistress† is trying to convince his woman of choice that it is much better to have sex now than to save her virginity for the future. Why save it until they are married? The man wants to experience the pleasure now. Marvell’s message here seems to be that instead of worrying about the future; planning exactly when we should do things, humans should take things as they come and enjoy them before it is too late. This theme relates to all aspects of life, not just sex. Donne’s narrator, though having the same goal and idea, is far more blunt in his reasoning. Noticing a flea that presumably had bitten them both, he ar...

Wine is Not Sin

â€Å"Wine is not sin.† Such a claim has caused clamor and disagreement within Christianity for centuries. Yet what does this statement mean? If God is to be consistent, why does it seem that He has inconsistent commandments about wine, which caused so much dispute among godly theologians? As best as one can generalize, there are three camps of belief regarding where the Bible stands on the morality wine consumption. The Moderationist View holds that the Bible only deals with fermented wine within its text. It was fermented wine that was exchanged between godly men in Genesis 14:18-20; it was fermented wine which Jesus was accused of getting drunk on in Luke 7:33-35, and was also fermented wine with which Jesus practiced the Lord's Supper. The Abstentionist View holds that that God approves of the use of fermented wine, but only to a certain amount before drunkenness takes place. Lastly, the Prohibitionist View maintains that, although the Bible has several Greek and Hebrew words that carry a general description of wine with their meaning, one can best understand God's condemnation of fermented wine based on the context of the passages that are often used in support of a Moderationist or Abstentionist view. In light of these three views, this author holds that condemnation of alcoholic wine is not to be based on the amount consumed, or the properties of its content. Rather, based on God's Word, alcoholic wine is sinful to consume because of the degrading effects it has on one's body, because a holy God forbade its use among Old Testament and New Testament believers, and because it compromises one's character as an ambassador of Christ. These three arguments will be fleshed out in this paper within the following facets of discussion. The Biological Ethics of Wine, the Biblical Ethics of Wine, and the Cultural Ethics of Wine. The Biological Ethics of Wine Based on the information that rests in the physical effects of alcoholic consumption, this author proposes that the intake of wine into one's body is damaging not only to his body, but to his image and likeness of God, and is therefore sinful. Before one considers what the Bible has to say about the bodily effects of wine consumption, he should first examine what physical processes are taking place within ones body as he consumes alcoholic wine. Physical Effects As one takes alcohol into his body, two actions take place in the brain which causes the common sensation of pleasure and calm. The brain's inhibitory neurotransmitter is excited as the excitatory neurotransmitter is simultaneity inhibited. This slows the processing of information in the cerebral cortex, causing one to experience blurred vision, slowed senses, and the inability to think clearly. Secondly, the consumption of alcohol â€Å"increases the amount of the chemical dopamine in the brain's reward center, which creates the feeling of pleasure that occurs when someone takes a drink.† Here is where one feels the buzz to which he often finds himself addicted. Yet the additional effects on other parts of his body are rarely as pleasurable.The Cerebellum, which acts as the center of movement and balance within the body, grows impaired as alcohol consumption rises, resulting in a dizziness and staggering commonly seen among those whom are drunk. Additionally, there is an increase in blood flow, which heats the skin and gives one a warm sensation. This surface heats cools the body's organs down and slows the breathing, often to a dangerous level. Lastly and most important, as one takes in more alcohol, he raises his BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration), which in the amount of alcohol in one's bloodstream. The higher the BAC, the more probable a heart attack, since he is starving the heart of blood.With this very simplistic explanation of what takes place as one becomes increasingly more inebriated, it also is important to consider what the definition of â€Å"drunk† means. In modern American culture, the typical sized glass of wine is 5 ounces in amount— 10% being alcohol. Therefore, three drinks equalling .6 ounces of alcohol each, if consumed within an hour, would bring a normal sized individual's BAC to .08, which is the current legal definition of drunkenness. As one can see, alcohol consumed by humans, has dangerous side effects, rendering its use to be unwholesome in large quantities and unwise in general. Also, because of alcohol's addictive qualities, once begun, humans have a terrible tendency to find it hard to stop at a certain quantity. Hence in America alone, according to the CDCP, Alcohol took more than 88,000 lives between 2006-2010, meaning that 1 in 10 Americans drank themselves to death. Physical Morals Those who believe that alcohol is not addictive and label these statistics as a slippery-slope fallacy are sadly foolish. Therefore, based on this proof, one must understand that, since humans are the image bearers of God (Genesis 2:7, Psalm 139:13-15), they have the responsibility to take care of their bodies. â€Å"To destroy our health by means of intoxicating substances means to destroy God's temple within us.† This author echoes what Paul stated to the Corinthians, â€Å"for God's temple is holy, and that temple you are.† This first proof cannot be highlighted enough, since God has laid a serious responsibility to care for the precious life He gave us. Therefore, based on the effects of alcoholic consumption reviewed above, it is unethical to intake any amount of alcohol that would impair one's body on a long-term or short-term scale as it is damaging to his health (1Corinthians 3:17).Yet, to do justice to the Jewish culture of the Bible, one must understand that wine in present modern times is vastly different to the contents of wine in the Old and New Testament. As Norman Geisler clearly affirmed, â€Å"Wine today has a much higher level of alcohol than wine in the New Testament. In fact, in New Testament times one would need to drink twenty-two glasses of wine in order to consume the large amount of alcohol in two martinis today.† Since a typical martini is 37% alcohol, a glass of wine during the apostle Paul's time would have been 3% alcohol, making it fairly difficult to get inebriated quickly. Yet even ancient civilization's strongest drinks of 14% alcohol were often watered down with a 20-1 ratio according to Plithy and Homer's Odyssey. Hence, as one looks at the present-day perspective of alcohol in contrast to Bible time terminology, it is easy to recognize that to truly gain a fair grasp of the alcohol issue one must also understand the literary uses of the word â€Å"wine† in the context of the Bible. Which leads one to the biblical ethics of wine. The Biblical Ethics of Wine God not only condemns drunkenness in the Old and New Testament, but condemns the actual use of fermented wine in both Testaments. This argument follows closely to the Prohibitionist View as discussed in the introduction. Good men differ on this topic, expositing difficult passages of great length. For lack of such space and ability, this argument will only touch on a few Greek and Hebrew words, the biblical commands for use and abstinence, and three commonly misunderstood passages. Word Analysis Wine in general ancient terminology can be loosely translated as â€Å"The pressed juice of the grape, whether fermented or unfermented.† There are three words that this paper will highlight in a general attempt to do justice to the historical accuracy of wine. The first Hebrew word is (Yayin). It is the most commonly used form for wine in the Old Testament, used 141 times throughout, and is often misinterpreted since God uses the same word to impart blessings and curses upon His people. Yet the context of the passage is important. Yes, some texts are unclear, but Robert Teachout's tabulation of each reference breaks them down to 71 instances referring to unfermented wine, and the other 70 referring to fermented wine, while seeking to stay true to the original context of the authorial intent. The first and perhaps most famous passage in which wine is mentioned in the Bible is in Genesis 9:20-21 when Noah got drunk on the which he made from his vineyards and eventually shamed himself with nudity. Wine is clearly spoken within a negative sense, and is next seen in Genesis 19:32-33 when Lot's daughters raped him. This Hebrew word is again used in Lamentations 2:12, yet has a very different implication. As King Nebuchadnezzar sieged Jerusalem, the starving children asked their mothers, â€Å"Where is corn and wine? when they swooned as the wounded in the streets of the city.† The children were not seeking alcoholic wine as drunk by Noah, but rather this same Hebrew word yayin is best understood in context to the fact that even their children desperately needed sustenance to stay alive. Yayin is used in countless additional passages under the same unfermented context. The second word to consider is also Hebrew. (tirosh) is commonly considered to be unfermented Horace Bumstead says, â€Å"In no one of the thirty-eight passages in which it occurs does it fail to have some reference, direct or indirect, to the soil or the press or the divine agency which had been instrument al in its production. † Simply put, yayin is the refined, fermented result of the raw product—tirosh, which is new wine. Texts such as Micah 6:15 support such claims. â€Å"Thou shalt tread the olives, but thou shalt not anoint thee with oil; And tirosh, but shalt not drink yayin.† Here the contexts supports tirosh as unfermented and yayin as fermented wine since God forbids the latter but promotes the former. As one can begin to see, the use of the Hebrew words can seem ambiguous, if not interpreted based on the context of the passage. The third word to examine is the Greek usage for wine most commonly used in the whole Bible. (oinos) is the parallel to the Hebrew yayin word, and was commonly used in Greek culture to refer to any unfermented or fermented grape juice. In Ephesians 5:18, Paul commands the believers at Ephesus â€Å"Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit.† Oinos takes on the meaning of fermented wine in this context, since drunke nness is the common result. Yet there are translations of this text which lead the reader to assume that â€Å"excess† (debauchery) is condemning drunkenness, while allowing for wine. â€Å"Wherein ( ) is excess† can be translated â€Å"in which is excess,† which alludes to wine in the previous clause rather than drunkenness. Whether one agrees or not, what can be confirmed is that wine in this context is referencing fermented wine. There are multiple passages that, use oinos to describe grape juice, or new wine. One such passage records Jesus' parable of the new and old wineskins. The culture of that day found the use of wineskins to hold and preserve â€Å"must† or, new wine. Common interpretation of this passage does an injustice to the text by claiming that Jesus was describing how to safely ferment wine as an object lesson within His parable. According to excavator James Pritchard, this interpretation is erroneous, since within middle eastern tradition, fermenting wine took place in very large tanks that could withstand the violent pressure of fermentation for three days and then stored in sealed jars with olive oil at 65 degrees F. The Encyclopedia Biblica also asserts that the gas given off during fermentation would cause a pressure much too great for even new wine skins to withstand. Therefore, there is no way the Jesus could have been addressing how to store fermented wine, but rather was simply using oinos (new wine; grape juice) as an object lesson for a topic completely unrelated to wine.Based on this brief word analysis, one can see how important the context is when translating and interpreting the biblical meaning for wine. Yet there are many more verses that relate to the many uses of wine within the Testaments, both for God designed purposes and commands to abstain.

KFC vs McDonald’s

When you deal heat white-livered, KFC is constantly more than than(prenominal) than the send-off thing that advances to any bingles mind. The resolve for this is these companies claim of lay stunnedicular products that give birth became their assay-mark until this instant. The divergence between McDonalds and KFC is in general the cuisine. The following report is a proportional analysis of the operational parameters of McDonalds and Kentucky fry white-livered (KFC) and projects an overview of various factors that distinctiate the work of the dickens regimen giants. The hatful was show on the consumers response on their superior between KFC and McDonalds and the basis of their choice was differentiated into various factors.MCDONALDS club PROFILEThe y ear 1940 is the birth year of McDonalds and they energise started https//phdessay.com/explaining-of-the-child-protection-in-the-wider- design-of-safeguarding-children-and- adolescent- tidy sum/everything. Their Speedier Service System that was introduced in their very world- twelvemonth eatery is existenceness followed until now in modern solar day take down unfluctuating intellectual nourishment send of mountainss.Their very root come along mascot was a man with a star of a hamburger that is wearing a chefs hat. It was re taild by McDonalds ever popular clown man. McDonalds is coiffe down to currently serving 58million nodes to each one day in 119 countries.Their eating calculates differ from their settings, whatsoever declargon by-passers with their drive thru dish out, nigh curb playgrounds for kids just now(prenominal) if atomic number 18 just counter process alone. Some of their eaterys cook outer seating room as intimately. McDonalds signature act upon atomic number 18 red and yellow.Their salubrious-supported products ar their renowned hamburgers, happen upon truehearted-flying offers, desserts, yellow(a) sandwiches and French fry. For ve presentarian customers, McDonalds fork out offerings that be suitable for them. When it comes to regional branches, McDonalds are deal for cosmos fond of offering thesecountries provender taboos for them to get some sort of relationship with population around. For exercising, Portugal McDonalds are the only ones who have soup in the carte. Anformer(a) example would be Indonesia for Mc Rice.MCDONALDS IN INDIAThe year 1996 saw the open of the premature McDonalds eating place in India and since then, thither have been numerous milestones for us. Here is a face up at the last 17 long duration and all that was special(prenominal) well-nigh them.First McDonalds eatery overt on Oct. 13,1996 at Basant Lok in bare-assed Delhi. It was too the first McDonalds eatery in the world to not serving beef and pork mingy productsFirst repulse -Thru eating ho make use of at Noida (UP) in 1997.First disenable friendly store at Noida (UP).First prom location eatery at Ansal seat (New Delhi) in 1999.First high upway restaurant at Mathura (UP) in 2000.First thematic restaurant at Connaught Place (New Delhi) in 2001.The first restaurant in a aliment for thought address at 3Cs, Lajpat Nagar (New Delhi) in 2002.The first restaurant at the Delhi Metro Station at Inter State Bus Terminus. The first fundraiser in association with ORBIS and Dr. Shroffs Charity snapper hospital. (Delhi)The first Dessert Kiosk Faridabad (Haryana) in 2003.McDonalds Delivery Service (McDelivery) introduced in New Delhi Local posting innovations like McAloo Tikki, McVeggie and pizza McPuff exported to Middle Eastin 2004.McDelivery on Bicycles flagged off at Chandni Chowk (Delhi) an otherwise firstinitiative by McDonalds India.100th McDonalds Restaurant opens in India in 2006.Also celebrated.10th year Anniversary.First McDonalds open in Eastern ambit at Park Street, Kolkata in 2007.Also,first restaurant heart-to-heart at airport (Domestic Airport at New Delhi).First Made For You (MFY) restaurant exposed at colossaler Noida, Uttar Pradesh.First 24 hours McDonalds Restaurant opens at Old Delhi line Stationin 2008.Also, complainer McNuggets launched in India. The first reimaged ( new look) restaurant opened at Ambiance mall, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi in 2010.McDonalds launches the global singing con adjudicate for its restaurant employees Voice of McDonalds in 2012 and as well introduces raciness Festival from April June Launches gamey variants (Limited time offer).New ingathering Launch McEgg.McDonalds Celebrates National Breakfast Dayin 2013.McDonalds has developed a menu in particular for India with vegetarian alternatives to suit Indian gustatory modalitys and appreciations. Keeping in line with this, McDonalds does not offer whatsoever beef or pork items in India. In the last decade it has introduced some vegetarian and non-vegetarian products with local flavours that have appealed to the Indian palate. on that point have been con tinuous efforts to enhance concoction in the menu by maturation more much(prenominal) products. McDonalds has also re-engineered its trading operations repeatedly in its 11 geezerhood in India to address the special requirements of a vegetarian menu. Vegetable products are 100% vegetarian, i.e. they are prepared separately, using dedicated equipment and utensils only pure vegetarian anele is use as a cooking medium.Cheese and sauces are stallionly vegetarian and egg less(prenominal). Separation of vegetarian and non-vegetarian food products is hold by pith ofout the various shows of procurement, cooking and serving.KFC companion PROFILE KFC (Kentucky fry Chicken) is a fast food restaurant grasp headlandquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, which specializes in heat scandalmongering. It is the worlds guerrilla largest restaurant cooking stove overall (as thrifty by sales) after McDonalds, with over 18,000 outlets in 120 countries and territories as of declination 2012. The lodge is a subsidiary of Yum cross offs, a restaurant company which also owns Pizza hut and Taco Bell.KFC was founded by Harland Sanders, a colorful figure who began selling fried yellow(a) from his road spot restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky, during the Great Depression. Sanders identified the potential of the restaurant franchising concept, and the first Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise opened in Utah in 1952. KFC popularized sensationalistic in the fast food industry, diversifying the merchandise by challenging the established empowerment of the hamburger. By incitering himself as Colonel Sanders, Harland became a legendary figure of Ameri hind end heathen history, and his image remains prominent in KFC advertising. However, the companys rapid expansion saw it fire too large for Sanders to manage, and in 1964 he sold the company to a free radical of investors led by John Y. Brown, junior and Jack C. Massey.KFC was one of the first fast food chains to expand inter matterly, opening outlets in England, Mexico and Jamaica by the mid-1960s. Throughout the seventies and 1980s, KFC visualised mixed fortunes domestically, as it went by means of a series of changes in incarnate ownership with little or no experience in the restaurant parentage. In the early 1970s, KFC was sold to the spirits distri neverthelessor Heublein, who were taken over by the R.J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate, who sold the chain to PepsiCo. The chain continued to expand overseas however, and in 1987 KFC became the first Western restaurant chain to open in China. The chain has since grow rapidly in China, and the country is now the companys intimately profitable mart.PepsiCo spun off its restaurants sectionalization as Tricon Global Restaurants, which later changed its put forward to Yum dishonors. KFC primarily sells fried chicken pieces and variations much(prenominal) as chicken fillet burgers (chicken sandwichesUS) and wraps, sa lads and side dishes much(prenominal) as French fries and coleslaw, desserts and soft drinks, ofttimes supplied by PepsiCo. Its most famous product is pres accepted fried chicken pieces, flavor with Sanders Original rule of 11 herbs and spices. The exact nature of these ingredients is un faren, and represents a notable trade secret. Larger portions of fried chicken are served in a distinctive unreal bucket, which has accommodate a signature of the chain since being introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957. KFC is cognise for the guide word finger lickin dandy, which has since been replaced by secret code does chicken like KFC and So good.KFC IN INDIA The first Indian KFC opened in Bangalore in June 1995. Protests ensued from left wing, anti-globalisation and surroundingsal campaigners, as well as local farmers, who objected to the chain bypassing local producers. Many Indians were bear on intimately the onslaught of consumerism, the loss of national self-sufficiency, and the disruption of indigenous traditions. The protests came to a head in August 1995, when the Bangalore outlet was repeatedly ransacked.KFC Bangalore demanded, and received, a police van permanently parked outside for a year. hoidenish activist M. D. Nanjundaswamy subsequently claimed KFC would adversely presume the health of the impoverished, by diverting cereal grass from poor tribe to reach the more profitable animal feed. Former milieu minister Maneka Gandhi joined the anti-KFC movement. KFC was also charge of using illegally high amounts of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and heat its food in pork fat.A minute of arc store opened in Delhi, but was closed by the authorities curtly afterwards, purportedly for health reasons, but more likely to avoid a repeat of the Bangalore incident. The two stores only managed to attract a limited, affluent clientele, and KFC decided to abandon the Indian market. KFC returned to India in 1999, with a new Bangalore outlet. This was the sole KFC in India until 2004, when the chain began to expand, albeit with a makeover and a wave of new vegetarian dishes. As of December 2012, on that point were 280 KFCs in the Indian market. As well as the measuring rod KFC offerings, the chain sells a chickpea burger and hot move with chilli lemon sprinkles.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIn simple basis method actingology green goddess be delimitate as, it is used to give a pass away cut estimate on what the detective is carrying out his or her look for. In fall guy to stick out in a remedy point of time and to advance the interrogation work methodology makes the proper platform to the tec to mapping out the research work in relevance to make solid plans.More over methodology guides the researcher to involve and to be active in his or her particular field of enquiry. to the highest degree of the situations the aim of the research and the research content wont be alike at all time it varies from its objectives and fuse of the research but by adopting a suitable methodology this can be achieved. Right from selecting the topic and carrying out till recommendations research methodology drives the researcher in the right field track. The entire research plan is based on the concept of right methodology.More over through methodology the orthogonal surround constitutes the research by big(p) a depth idea on setting the right research objective, followed by literature point of view, based on that chosen analysis through interviews or doubtnaires stimulateings will be obtained and in the end cerebrate message by this research. On the other hand from the methodology the innate environment constitutes by clearing and identifying the right lineament of research, system, philosophy, time horizon, approaches, followed by right procedures and techniques based on his or her research work. In other hand the research methodology acts as the nerve center because the entire research is bounded by it and to accomplish a good research work, the internal and external environment has to follow the right methodology process.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY USEDIn this project, the research used is qualitative research method concentrate on what kind of reasons led to the simile between the two. Large amounts of necessary data and information were collected from the internet.RESEARCH OBJECTIVETo conduct contemplate analysis on the consumers preference of food joint amongst McDonalds and KFC.RESEARCH HYPOTHESISWhen teenaged consumers choose the fast food restaurants, I selected sixsome factors as the breeding factors, which are wrong, food selections, gustatory perception of food, environment, attend to and smear image and I take away that everyone has different beliefs on the six factors.The Six Hypotheses to be verified in this Research meditation 1 Compared with KFCEnvironment is a emulous payoff of McDonalds speculation 2 Compared with KFC nourishment Selection. is a matc hed utility of McDonalds Hypothesis 3 Compared with KFC terms is a war-ridden gain of McDonalds Hypothesis 4 Compared with KFCBrand Image is a free-enterprise(a) benefit of McDonalds Hypothesis 5 Compared with KFCService is a war-ridden advantage of McDonalds Hypothesis 6 Compared with KFCTaste of Food is a competitive advantage of MacdonaldsRESEARCH FRAMEWORKThis research is to understand how two-year-old consumers select fast food restaurants. On the other hand, this can help the two fast food restaurants to know their drawbacks and edges for upward(a) and maintaining. The irresolutionnaire is intentional base on six hypotheses. After analysis, the result will steer if the hypotheses are confirmed or rejected, through which the advantages of two fast food restaurants and consumers acquaintance will be revealed. SAMPLE FRAMEA inquirenaire was knowing and used to verify the six hypotheses. 40 people were pursueed on their choice and sensing on both the restaurants.CH APTER II abstract spell I MCDONALDS VS KFC ENVIRONMENT KFCUnlike some other international food brands operable here in India, KFC offers the same perceptiveness and abide by no matter which part of the world you are. You can sit back, whoop it up and be assured of the world kinsperson quality. The environment of its outlets should you choose to dine in is always informal and fun like a select few can offer. It focuses on self supporter. Many propagation both men and women enjoying a repast alone without judgement and pleasant avail. everyday 8 million customers are served in KFC and this is not without reason. They have formally announce the absence of Trans-fats in their cooking oil thus making your occasional tote less worrisome.MCDONALDS in that respects always a rush tight-fitting McDonalds because they have planned their locations very well near colleges, categoryes stations etc so before spillage home or during the lunch break many people come for a snack. the re is also a special counter for home releasey. A study highlight of the chain. Its the interior which attracts you to the place, especially the well polished and squeaky impudent floors and good seating statusment. There is no formal stuff in here and it truly follows the concept of self attend. Mc Donalds is one of the most hap hang out joints. In all, a very ambient atmosphere for eat out.MCDONALDS VS KFC FOOD SELECTION KFCKFC is geared up to tap the countrys youthfulness crowd.KFC has launched their new menu Streetwise aiming at the college goers. With Streetwise, KFC is offering a range of signature KFC products at affordable wrongs.KFC has also launched several new television technical as part of the promotional activities for the new offering.KFCs earlier menu consisted of Chicken Wings and Wraps which were too alien for Indian taste buds. thusly, KFC localized its brand by introducing the Veggie Options to its menu that included rice meals, wraps and side dishes t hat was desirable to the Indian consumers. Also, it stuck to eggless mayo and sauces. Even its trademark chicken dishes were disposed(p) a local flavour with the use of Indian spices and cooking techniques. The recentlylaunched Veg Zinger burger is at par with its chicken counterpart. Also, KFC has changed its target audience. From high Income root to Middle Income Youth. While they have localized the menu harmonize to the Indian Taste they havent disregarded their originality that is resides in Chicken.MCDONALDSMcDonalds regular scrumptious menu includes wide range of products like McAloo Tikki, Filet-O-Fish, Spicy Range, Chicken McGrill, McVeggie, Veg Pizza McPuff, Chicken Mcnuggets, Fries, Wraps, an admixture of Sundaes, Soft Serve and re invigorateding beverages such as Ice Tea & mothy Coffee with outstanding service in a vibrant and animated ambience, for which McDonalds is known worldwide.McDonalds has also recently introduced Masala Grill, a range of grilled vegetaria n and non-vegetarian products inspired by the kebabs of the province in Pakistan formerly called the northwestward Frontier Province. These products are wrapped in roasted chilli sauce, a specially-developed condiment, and are getable both a la carte and in meal combos. The range comprises two products, namely the Veg Masala Grill which is a blend of potatoes and a soya cake flavoured with aromatic spices, and the Chicken Masala Grill , which comprises a chicken mince patty seasoned with Indian herbs and spices.MCDONALDS VS KFC PRICE COMPARISONKFCKFC globally enters the market using market skimming. Their products are priced high and target the middle to upper manikin people. Gradually they trickle down the prices management on the middle to pooh-pooh class people to penetrate both sides of the market. KFC price their product keeping different points in view. They adopt the cost base price schema. Pricing of the product includes the govt. tax and take duty and then comes the final stage of determine the price of their product. The products are instant high priced according the market divide and it is also comparable to the standard of their product. impart Pounds of Chicken Served in KFC RestaurantAnnually =1.914 Billion be KFC Chicken Pieces Sold Annually = 5.89 BillionTotal retail Sales = $8.9 Billion Sales Price of per Chicken Piece =$1.51MCDONALDSMcDonalds has complete that, despite the cost savings inseparable in standardization, success can often be attributed to being able to alter to a specific environment. This is indeed the caseful with its implementation of its pricing strategy, which is one of location quite an than globalization.As a part of its business strategy to penetrate deeper into the new and real markets, the forever childlike brand McDonalds introduced smart Price Menu at Rs.20/- in the year 2004 in India. This observe for money bid has been well true by the discerning customers. The communication towards this propos ition has graduated over the years, but the Happy Price Menu platform has been consistent. It came up with a very grasping carrier bag line Aap ke zamanemein ,baap ke zamane ke daamin 2008. This pricing strategy was founded to attract middle class and lower class people and the effect can clearly be seen in the consumer base that McDonalds has now.It started offering prise meals in a range of prices.Ensured affordability and attracted the widest section of customers. Brought the customer and leaved arrange of entry-level products. Trial of those new items and graduate to higher-rungs. For E.g. if a customer starts with McAloo Tikki, he will finally graduate to McVeggie and so in Nonveg. McDonalds has received value pricing and bundling strategies such as golden meal, combo meal, family meal, happy price menu etc to increase overall sales of the product. MCDONALDS VS KFC BRAND IMAGEKFCKFC holds the position of a youth based brand with its youthful, lively ambience of stores and the friendly service. In KFC feedback is taken from the customer in order to know the customer demands and then improvements are do in products. KFC focuses on pure and fresh food in order to develop a distinct and clear position in the minds of customers KFC has a noticeablebrand name and they are leading the market in fried chicken. KFC uses its attributes to Position its harvest (Fried Chicken). KFC positions itself as a youthful, strong service restaurant brand that serves unique, great tasting food and beverages. The focus of the brand strategy is to highlight this across all their communication, menu offerings and the experience that is delivered.MCDONALDSAt first people were rather sceptical somewhat this brand. It was a foreign brand and people dint know what to expect. but clearly now, this doesnt face to be that way. Now when one thinks about McDonalds, one thinks about a place to go and hang out with our friends because it has a comfortable environment. At the s ame time it not very expensive and gives busy service and value for money. And most of us have grown up having a meal in McDonalds with a panelboard crown on our head, a surge in our hands, sitting in Ronald McDonalds punch and walking out with a wreak in the end and also a big smile. As we left the restaurant we just could not wait to go back and enjoy the whole experience all over again.It is things like these that ready a reliable kind of an impression, a perception, and an image in our heads that lingers on for most of our lives. McDonalds wanted to position itself as Indian and a promoter of family set and culture as well as being comfortable and easy. at the same time the brand wanted to communicate that it was committed to maintaining a quality service, cleanliness and offering value for money. But at the end of it McDonalds means different things to different people and doesnt have one brand position.MCDONALDS VS KFC SERVICEKFCSelf Service is the concept followed b y KFC. It gets very crowded especially on weekends, but they have a very competent cater that stand quick service. Its difficult to get a place to sit on weekends and takeaway seems to be the silk hat bet. The staff is very polite irrespective of the pestiferous rush and always lends a ear for your complaints. Home delivery is one area where there have been complaints.MCDONALDSThough theres self service, i.e. you have to order at the counter and collect your items yourselves, the service is quick and sharp and the people make sure you get the food as early as possible. It normally takes around 30 secs after taking your order to delivering the food at the best McDonald outlets. McDonalds also provides home delivery which has been appreciated by the customers.MCDONALDS VS KFC TASTE OF FOOD KFCThough the name KFC indicates chicken but thats not the case. KFC has modify itself in all the food items and thats why they have shortened Kentucky Fried Chicken to KFC. The food is delicio us with less spicespices and good quantity and anyone fond of chicken can surely go there and gorge on the various chicken dishes. Though KFC is mainly famous for chicken, the vegetarians are also not disappointed here. There are as many varieties of vegetarian stuff as there are of chicken dishes. Typical chicken made by Indian style is not available here, but the combination of chicken is arouse here.MCDONALDSMcDonalds strives to maintain its international quality standards in every single one of its outlets. relations directly with the farmers, McDonalds ensures that every ingredient is of the best quality. Strong supply chain efficiencies, rimed chain delivery, minimum storage times, standard recipes and food that is specially made for you deliver freshness right to the customers plates. Paying trouble to minutest of details, McDonalds India has Indianised their menu with introductions like the Mc Aloo TikkiAlooTikki Burger, McSpicy Chicken Burger, McSpicy Paneer Burger and more. With due respect to local usance and customer sentiments, no McDonalds outlet in India serves either beef or pork. Furthermore, the vegetarian and non-vegetarian kitchens are completely separate.CHAPTER III ANALYSIS PART II SURVEY ANALYSISThe report has been designed to study the consumer behaviour with respect to McDonalds and KFC. A interrogative moodnaire was designed in order to understand thereasons of the consumer perception towards the two food giants. My method of going about the study at hand involved the basic survey method, whereby I put forward questions to individualists who were dual-lane into the basic segments provided by and aimed at as either the source or target service provider. Question 1Which age separate do you belong to?The first question was essentially designed to throw light on the age group of people visiting/dining at the food joints. This gave us an idea of the preference of a particular food brand among a given age group if any. For e.g. the dexterous MEAL available at McDonalds attracted the major portion of the younger crowd. As a matter of fact as shown in the following questions, this particular strategy dead(p) almost the entire young consumer segment. Of the individuals surveyed a majority of the individuals belonged to the 18-25 yr age group both for McDonalds as well as KFC. Question 2What is your profession?This question was essential in calculating the cut down of the customers who visit these food joints i.e. the working class of the people visiting the respective places. The survey revealed that the majority of people visiting both the places i.e. 46% for KFC and 55% for McDonalds were students. This thus lays direct stress on the strategies adopted by both the joints resulting in a fundamental demand among the student group. Question 3 atomic number 18 you a vegetarian/non-vegetarian? This was essentially designed to demarcate the groups according to whether they were vegetarians or otherwise. It was a preconceived idea that the vegetarians preferred McDonalds of the two man KFC proven to be a non-vegetarian paradise. This thus showed a balanced market for McDonalds whereas a strong shift for KFC towards the non-vegetarian section. Question 4How do you consider the environment at both the joints? This question was essentially designed to find out what people think about the environment and crowd at both the joints. There is no significant difference detect when it comes to the environment and the experience ofpeople at both the joints. Question 5What is your aspect on the pricing of both the joints?In KFC 31% found the food priced nominally and an sufficient amount of people surveyed i.e. 31% found inexpensive. Hence it was concluded that it dropped down to the individual in the case of KFC and there was no clear market trend. In McDonalds 46% found it nominally priced as well as value for money while just 8% found it expensive. Hence in terms of comparative study it was concl uded that McDonalds was optimally priced although KFC wasnt overpriced either.Question 6What is your saying on the service provided by both the joints and which one would you prefer? This question was designed to find out the type of service provided by each of them and peoples perception on quality of service at these joints KFC got an upper hand when it came to service with 51 % people opting for it whereas 49 % opted for McDonalds.Question 7 valuate both the joints on the scale of 10 on the basis of taste of food This question was designed to get an idea about the taste of food provided by each of these joints. No significant difference was discover when it came to the food served by both the joints. Although KFC is known for their chicken dishes, its also come out with its vegetarian menu which is equally enjoyable. McDonalds on the other hand had been the place for everyone since the very beginning. Therefore, when it comes to taste of food, both McDonalds and KFC have been gi ven equal preference.DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION1. Which age group do you belong to?2. Are you a Vegetarian/Non-Vegetarian?3. What is your Occupation?4. What is your saying on the pricing of the eat-outs?5. How do you consider the environment at both the eat-outs?6. What is your saying on the service of the eat-outs and which one would you prefer?7. Rate both the eat-outs on the scale of 10 on the basis of taste of foodFINDINGSWhat do the young consumers care most? From the Histogram, it shows that the young consumers care about the service and taste of food most. Note that the score of pass judgment is from 0 to 6 The results show that there are no significant difference on environment, food selection, brand image, service and taste of food and that means they are not the competitive advantages of McDonald. However, the price of McDonald is a competitive advantage of McDonald Young consumers in the main considered that McDonald provides a more reasonable food price of food.CHAPTE R IV CONCLUSION/ compendium/RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONThis research studies the competitive advantages of two fast food restaurants, McDonald and KFC, from young consumers perspective. Summary of hypotheses test Hypothesis1 Compared with KFCEnvironment is a competitive advantage of McDonalds jilted Hypothesis2 Compared with KFC Food selection is a competitive advantage of McDonalds Rejected Hypothesis3 Compared with KFCPrice is a competitive advantage of McDonalds Supported Hypothesis4 Compared with KFCBrand image is a competitive advantage of McDonalds Rejected Hypothesis5 Compared with KFCService is a competitive advantage of McDonalds Rejected Hypothesis6 Compared with KFCTaste of Food is a competitive advantage of McDonalds RejectedWhen young consumers selected a fast food restaurant, they care about the service and taste of food most. In order to increase the market character of young consumers, restaurant managers have to put plenty of efforts on the service and taste of foo d. Young consumers consider that the McDonald provides a more reasonable food price than KFC. To McDonald, its an advantage against KFC and should be maintained. On the other hand, KFC should do a detail research about the reason why young consumers have such perception about the price of two restaurants.SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARYIn India fast food market is strongly dominated by these 2 brands. But when it comes to comparing these two brands the above study brings us to a conclusion that as far as market presence and brand value is concerned McDonalds has definitely proved a point for themselves.But KFC who re-entered in 2003 has shown a rapid progress and no wonder if in the coming years KFC overtakes McDonalds in the Indian market share. Both the food-giants have given each other coarse competition in terms of customer satisfaction and promotional strategies.The range of products and offers offered by each is remarkable in every context. Although McDonalds has an upper hand with the vegetarian crowd because of its liquid ecstasy products, KFC is slowly catching up to the challenge. KFC provides vegetarian alternatives with an added advantage of a complete meal including rice and desert.Where McDonalds fall into the snack option KFC has covered the meal area.Thus it is not quite a evident which one can be termed as better than the other.RECOMMENDATIONS KFCKFC still involve to do a bit of re-vamp in its vegetarian menu and add more options to it. The fried chicken category already has more options and varieties as compared to the vegetarian section. The prices of KFC are reasonable as compared with other fast food restaurants. But as price is always a primary concern for the customer, therefore, they should adopt certain strategy to attract the customers. And it can only be done by gruelling the prices. It could be by introducing some push away packages for families, employees, students or regular customers. The membership card can be used to p rovide certain extra value to the customer.MCDONALDSOff recent, there have been a lot of complaints on the quality of food that one gets at McDonalds. This should be a matter of prime of life concern when it comes to the progress of the fast food restaurant. McDonalds should start focusing more on improving the quality of products rather than being completely driven by quantity and variety. McDonalds also ask to work on their advertising strategy. For example, the eat menu at McDonalds does not find many takers due to poor publicity. Ignorance of the eat menu at McDonalds is one of the biggest drawbacks of this restaurant.