Conclusion report for the internship journey Essay

Conclusion report for the internship journey - Essay Example The major challenge was language difference, especially when interacting with customer and staff. However, I did my best to create a profitable impact and add value both to Guangdong and myself. There were both memorable and awkward situation during the two months in Guangdong but all these posed as lessons and opportunities to learn more. With the help of one of the staff, I gained confidence, customer relation skills, teamwork skills, intrapersonal and interpersonal communication skills. The main focus of my internship would be the opportunity to participate in the exhibition of Lingnan Folk Craftworks, Sparkling Flowers, and Ingenious Craftsmanship and Creativity. Sparkling flowers exhibition entailed displaying all collected works by Enamel while Craftsmanship and Creativity involved works by Canton Embroiidery. Exhibiting Lingnan Folk Craftworks expounded more on the culture and traditions of chines. I came to learn of their unique art, painting and paper cutting skills, as well as, their cultural believes. Lastly, I also came to learn of the Guangzhou residential furnishings with keen reference to the furniture tracing back to Ming and Qing dynasties. However, designs for furniture have changed and the old have been replaced with better designs or refurnished to be better. It was clear that the preferences and designs of people change with emerging

Transactional And Transformational Leadership

Transactional And Transformational Leadership Max Weber was the pioneer in developing theory of transactional and transformational leadership, but the theory was further explored by James MacGregor Burns (1978) to Bernard Bass (1985). According to Kuhnert and Lewis (1987), this theory is to explain how personality differences in leaders lead to either transactional or transformational leadership styles (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). According to Burns (1978) as cited by Kuhnert and Lewis (1987), transactional leadership occurs when one takes the initiatives in making contacts with others for exchanging something valued. Whereas transformational leadership occurs when one focuses the needs, the beliefs, and the values of followers. According to Yukl (1981) as cited by Kuhnert and Lewis (1987), transactional leadership involves exchange of information between superior and subordinates and influences each other reciprocally so that each derives something valued. In other words, it is a win-win situation for both superior and subordinates in getting something they valued. Kellerrmen (1984) as cited by Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) claimed that both the transactional leaders and followers engage in mutual dependence in which the contributions of both sides are acknowledged and rewarded. However, leaders are still influential in making decision and the range is in the best interest of the followers. To be an effective transactional leader, they must regularly fulfill the needs and expectation of their followers. Thus an effective transactional leader is able to respond to the reactions and meet the expectation of their followers (Kellermen, 1984) in (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). Although transactional leadership is described as exchanging valued outcomes, some literature review suggested that not all exchanges are equal. Graen et al. (1982) in Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) studied the impact on both high-quality and low-quality exchange relationship had on turnover rate of employees in an organization. The result of the study is that employees who engage in exchanging emotional support and resources (high-quality) were less likely to leave an organization compared to employees who engage in exchanging contractually agreed upon elements such as eight hours schedule per day (low-quality). Graen et al. (1982) suggested low-quality exchanges are based on goods or rights. In contrast, high-quality exchanges are based on interpersonal bond between leaders and followers. However in these exchanges, transactional leaders have to clarify the roles and task requirements followers must complete in order to reach to their personal goals and in the same time fulfill the missi on of the organization (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) also indicated that transformational leadership originates the personal values and beliefs of leaders, not involving any exchange of commodities between leaders and followers. Both Bass (1985) and Burns (1978) as cited by Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) stated that transformational leaders demonstrate their deeply held personal value systems that include such values as justice and integrity. Burns (1978) refers these values were not exchangeable or negotiated between individuals. By expressing their values and specific standards, transformational leaders are able to unite followers and change followers goals and beliefs thus achieve organizational goals. This form of leadership results in higher achievement of performance among individuals (Bass, 1985) in (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) stated that transformational leaders gain their influence by displaying important personal characteristics. These personal characteristics in a leader were described by Bass (1985); some of them are intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and level of charisma. According to Dionne et al. (2003) in Ismail et al. (2011), intellectual stimulation is viewed as a leader who cares about intelligence, rationality, logic and careful problem solving in an organization. Leaders stimulate followers to re-examine ways of doing things, use of rational thinking before taking actions. In addition, individualized consideration is viewed as leaders concern about their followers needs. Leaders encourage followers reach to their full potential through proper coaching and mentoring and link followers need to the organizational strategy and goals (Ismail et al., 2011). Thus, successful transformational leaders are able to articulate goals, build an image, demonstrate confidence and inspire followers. These behaviors can convince and motivate followers without exchanging for goods or rights, which characterizes transactional leaders (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). 5.2 Interactions between Transactional and Transformational Leadership According to Hamilton (2010), Bass (1985) proposed that: there are situations in which the transformational approach may not be appropriate, [and that] organizations need to draw more on the resources of charismatic leaders, who often can induce followers to aspire to and maintain much higher levels of productivity than they would have reached if they had been operating only through the transactional process (Bass, 1985, p. 40) in (Hamilton, 2010). Bass (1999) also indicated that there are plenty of works needed to be done in order to have confidence in full range of transactional and transformational leadership (Bass, 1985, p. 10) in (Hamilton, 2010). To show how transformational leadership and transactional leadership interact with one another, a research has been conducted by Corrigan and Garman (1999) as cited by Hamilton (2010). This study was about how the two (transactional and transformational leadership) interact within the realm of team leadership. Researchers explored how transformational and transactional leadership skills are needed to develop team cohesion. In this study, team leaders needed to have transformational skills: inspiration and charisma, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Corrigan et al., 1999, p. 304) in (Hamilton, 2010) that allowed them to inspire team members and help the team move forward with creative problem solving. This motivational need and focus requires the leaders to not only exhibit transformational skills but transactional skills. In making transactions, the leaders had three goals which are clarifying expectations, motivating improvement, and recognizing achievement s (Corrigan et al., 1999, p. 308) in (Hamilton, 2010). Transactional skills are needed to help maintain effective programs. The interaction between transactional and transformational skills were valuable for leaders in which they utilized skills, which allowed them to meet both present and future needs of team members and organization (Hamilton, 2010). It was concluded that a manager can be both transformational and transactional leader depending on various situations. It results in more effective leadership behaviour of leaders in an organization (Hamilton, 2010). 5.3 Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Organizational Commitment 5.3.1 Employee Attitude and Customer Satisfaction Mowday et al. (1979) as cited by Emery et al. (2007) found that organizational commitment reflects employees identification and involvement. To be more specific, it holds three dimensions: a strong belief in and acceptance of organizations goals and values; a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization; and a strong desire to maintain membership in an organization (Mowday et al., 1979) in (Emery et al., 2007). According to Emery et al. (2007), there are several findings indicated there are positive relationship between a persons willingness to participate in quality improvement efforts and organizational commitment. Morris (1995) in Emery et al. (2007) found that employee job satisfaction is one of the critical factors in delivering satisfaction to customers. In addition, it also concluded that employee job satisfaction comes from: the job itself, supervisor relationship, management beliefs, future opportunity, works environment, pay/ benefits/ rewards, and co-worker relationships (Morris, 1995) in (Emery et al., 2007). Another study of retail banking industry, Brown and Mitchell (1993) in Emery et al. (2007) found that job dissatisfaction of customer contact personnel was positively correlated with lower customer satisfaction. In addition, there is a similar research has been conducted by Atkins et al. (1996) in Emery et al. (2007), authors examined level of customer satisfaction by nurses services at a major Midwestern hospital, the correlation between nurses job satisfaction and patients recommendation of which units they preferred was .85 (Atkins et al., 1996) in (Emery et al., 2007). 5.3.2 The correlation between Leaderships and Organizational Commitment According to the research done by Emery et al. (2007), the purpose of this study is to examine the connection between transactional and transformational leadership and job satisfaction and employee commitment. The results indicated that transformational leadership was found to have higher correlation with job satisfaction and employee commitment compared to transactional leadership. Bass (1985) as cited by Emery et al. (2007) indicated that transformational leaders are likely to find more acceptances in an organization, where receptivity to change and a propensity for risk taking are available. However, leaders who question the status quo of an organization which bound by tradition, rules and sanctions may be viewed as too unsettling or anxious thus perceived as inappropriate. Thus, open to creative suggestion, innovation and risk taking may be more conducive to transformational leadership compared to challenge the status quo of an organization (Emery et al., 2007). Bass (1985) suggested that transactional leadership are preferred over in service sectors such as banking sector. However, Emery et al. (2007) found that the employees in banking sectors preferred transformational leadership. It could be explained that the system of reinforcement in mechanistic organization is so thoroughly entrenched in the organizational structures, which leaders do not need to provide contingent reinforcement. Emery et al. (2007) found that charisma is preferred beyond contingent-reward behaviour in relation to leader effectiveness. These findings are consistent with other researches done by Hater and Bass (1988) and Waldmen et al. (1987) as cited by Emery et al. (2007) where it had demonstrated the importance of charismatic leadership in level of organizational commitment. However, Emery et al. (2007) failed to support that the charisma is only important at the highest management levels. It is due to lower-level managers somehow comply with the decisions of the higher-level charismatic leaders by receiving contingent rewards. Another finding by Emery et al. (2007) indicated that there are no gender differences in terms of magnitude and preference of particular leadership styles. Female managers are equally display transformational style as males, both males and females managers exhibit similar level of charisma, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. This study by Emery et al. (2007) supports the use of transformational leadership to increase job satisfaction and organizational commitment of customer contact personnel. These findings become more significant as service corporations attempt to empower their employees and strive to retain customers through relationship strategies. Another evidence is that result indicated that transformational leadership and particularly charismatic is preferred by employees although they received low paid in an organization. According to Emery et al. (2007), employees place a great deal of trust in their leaders judgment; they adopt leaders values and form strong emotional ties to the leader. Leaders personal characteristics are directly support the dimension of service quality (Parasuraman et al., 1988) in (Emery et al., 2007). According to Bass (1994; 1999), Howell and Avolio (1993) and Ismail et al. (2010) as cited by Ismail et al. (2011), since it is an era of global competition, many organizations shift the paradigms of their leadership styles from transactional to transformational leadership as a way to achieve their strategies and goals. Transformational leaders are effective leaders that develop their followers full potential, higher needs and motivate them to unite, link their goals to organizational goals and beliefs (Ismail et al., 2011).

The Origin and Structure of our Universe Essay -- Physics Universe Spa

I suppose that the Universe we can observe and cognize consists of self-developing hierarchically co-subordinate and genetically relative systems of cosmic bodies. Each of the systems is distinguished by the qualitative state of substance composing its bodies but main evolution mechanisms are common to all the systems. What is common to all the systems? The central most massive body of every system is a parental body for its younger members. The central massive body of every system at intervals conceives in its interiors new cosmic bodies to put them into initial (circum-parental) orbits. In other words, the central body of every system stimulates newborn bodies to move under their own momentum (along a straight line) and to rotate about its axis due to its own gravitational attraction force. But the central gravitating body constantly and intensely loses its mass (photon and corpuscular). So, the orbits of newborn bodies are (must be) spiral-like rather than closed due to the law of universal gravitation. It means that newborn bodies move away from their parental body that is every system expands. It should be noted that every cosmic body is imponderable, i.e. it undergoes gravitational interaction with other bodies. What is the cause? The cause is that imponderability is provided by a certain orbital rate of the body controlled by the law of universal gravitation. The rate depends on radius of the body orbit relative to the system's central body: the more is the orbit radius, the less orbital rate the body needs to be imponderable. It can be seen from the motion of the Solar System's planets, satellites of giant planets and from the Earth's artificial satellites launched by man. The motion of both artificial satellites and cosmic bodies is governed by the same laws. I suppose that our Universe consists of hierarchically relative systems as follows: The first system: the Origin - the central gravitating body of our Universe, and its born nuclei of super-galaxies (the Origin is not considered in the present work). The second system: nuclei of super-galaxies and their born nuclei of galaxies. The third system: nuclei of galaxies and their born stars. The fourth system: stars and their born planets including giant planets, comets, meteorites. The fifth system: giant planets and their born satellites, comets, meteorites. One specific feat... ...ycles, regularity in variations of the Earth's biota and even its evolutionary orientation: from simple to complex, from protozoans unicells to man. In other words, the genetic code of the Earth is recorded in the congealed layers. Its deciphering will provide us with an insight into the past and the future of the Earth. In conclusion, a quick look at the future of the Earth as a planet. As it moves away from the Sun thus losing the supply of the Solar energy, the Earth will have to cool down. Its active geological processes will stop. The future of the Earth is the present of the Mars. But if my hypothesis is true, the future of the Earth is not so dismal. Penetrated beneath the lithosphere the man can be the owner of a huge bulk of treasures... as congealed layers of chemical elements. In other words, the humanity is provided by natural resourses. The problem is only how they can be extracted. Moreover, by defrosting elementary layers in the future, the humanity could revive the congealed Mars by regenerating its natural atmosphere and create conditions favourable for the existence. According to V.Vernadsky, the humanity will really become the geological and cosmic force.

Broadcasting Study Guide

BCA 210 Study Guide – Exam 2 Terms: Audion tube: Created by Lee de Forest, this improved the clarity of radio signal reception in 1907. This detected radio waves and pin points sounds. Lee de Forest perfected this glass bulb. Payola: 1960s, the practice of accepting payment to play specific recordings on the air. Disc jockeys were charged for bribery for accepting money to play music, the most famous, Alan Freed who worked in Cleveland who was credited with coining the term for rock ‘n' roll. Cross ownership: The practice of one company owning radio and TV stations in the same broadcast market.This was a result of the telecommunication Act. Narrowcasting: Identifying a specific audience segment and programming for it. General manager (in radio): Runs the radio station. Program manager (in radio): They oversee what goes on the air, including the news programs, the station's format and any on-air people. Kinetoscope: 1888, Thomas Edison's idea, William K. L. Dickinson crea ted. Perforated film and sprockets to minimize jumps. Peepshow viewer. The first parlor was in April of 1894 in New York City. Talkies: Sound added to movies. The vitaphone preludes, 1926, seven shorts w/ sounds.Al Jolson, first feature-length motion picture with sound. It contained two sections with synchronized sound made by the Warner Bros. Digital Projectors: Satellite distribution: internet distribution: Ancillary rights: Marketing opportunities related to a movie, in addition to direct income from the movie itself. The â€Å"Big Five†: 1930s, Warner Bros. , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount, RKO and Twentieth Century Fox all dominated the movie business. They were all vertically integrated; they produced movies, distributed them worldwide and owned theater chains, which guaranteed their pictures being shown.The â€Å"Hollywood Ten†: J. Parnell Thomas summoned 10 â€Å"unfriendly† witnesses from Hollywood to testify about their Communist connections. Consisted of 8 hollywood screenwriters and two directors. Their strategy was to appear before the committee as a group and to avoid answering the direct question. They tried to make statements that questioned the committee's authority to challenge their political beliefs. The witnesses were found in contempt, some were sentenced to jail and others were fined. By the end, they all lost their jobs.Cable television/CATV: Community antenna television or cable tv. Cathode Ray Tube: Created by Philo T. Farnsworth in California, he called it the dissector tube. It used an electronic scanner to reproduce the electronic image much more clearly than Nipkow's earlier mechanical scanning device. He patented his electronic scanner. Advertiser Produced TV: Programs: Quiz shows, variety shows, situation comedies, drama, westerns, detective stories, detective stories, movies, soap operas and talk shows. HDTV: The US switched to national high-definition tv transmission standard in 2009.It scans 1,125 lines a cross the screen. It requires more spectrum space than conventional tv signals. Digital tv makes it easier for manufacturers to combine the functions of TV and the functions of a computer in the same piece of equipment. A. C. Nielsen: The company dominated the tv ratings business. Ratings describe the audience to advertisers; based on the Nielsens, advertisers pay for the commercial time to reach the audiences they want. Rating: The percentage of the total number of households with TV sets tuned to a particular program.Give sponsors information about the audience they're reaching with their advertising, what advertisers are getting for their money. Share: The percentage of the audiences turn on that is watching a particular program. Demographics: Date about consumers' characteristics, such as age, occupation and income level. Network affiliates: Stations that use network programming but are owned by companies other than the networks, not networked owned. Syndication: Services that s ell programming to broadcast stations and cable. Independently produced programming. Oprah, Jeopardy, Wheel of Fortune.Analog: In mass communications, a type of technology used in broadcasting, whereby video or audio information is sent as continuous signals through the air on specific airwave frequencies. Digital transmission: Telenovelas: are spanish language shows. These give a new audience, unison draws more viewers than all english language networks. the Internet: delivers all types of media, print, broadcast, movies and recordings using a single delivery system without barriers. Combines millions of computer networks sending and receiving data from all over the world. There is no common owner.Browser: Created by Tim Berners-Lee. Software that allows people to display and interact with information on Web pages. They can search electronically HTML/HTPP: Created by Tim Berners-Lee. Hypertext markup language/Hypertext transfer protocol. These allow people to create and send text, graphics and video information electronically and also set up electronic connections from one source of information to another. Sales (in television): people in the sales department sell the commercial slots for the programs. Advertising is divided into national and local sales.Advertising agencies, buy nationsl ads for the products they handle. (An ad agency may buy time on a network for the ford company, for a tv ad that will run all over the country simultaneously) Traffic (in television): traffic department integrates the advertising with the programming, making sure that all the ads that are sold are aired when they're spposed to be. Traffic also handles billing for the ads. Traditional media: Digital/Multimedia: describes all forms of communications media that combine text, pictures, sound and video using computer technology.Bits: Intellectual property rights: The legal right of ownership of ideas and content published in any medium. There are various copyright holders that ha ve used court challenges to establish their legal ownership. Internet service provider (ISP): Also called an internet access provider. This can be a telephone, satellite or cable company, to organize and deliver internet information and entertainment. Web income is made by the money people pay their ISP to connect to the Web. Digital subscriber line (DSL):Signal or data compression: the process of squeezing digital content into a smaller electronic space. Online/Web advertising: advertising is the second potential source of income on the web. They have banners or borders on pages. The seller can know exactly who the buyer is since it is a targeted medium. There is internet tracking that helps advertisers gain information about the audiences for their ads. Digital Divide: The lack of access to digital technology among low-income, rural and minority groups. People -Heinrich Hertz: Responsible for first describing radio waves in 1887 in germany. Guglielmo Marconi: Promotion of wireless radio wave transmission beginning in 1899 with the America's Cup race. Made morse code. Marketed his device. Thought of a way that messages should be able to travel across space without a wire. -Lee de Forest: â€Å"Father of radio† Made the audion in 1907, made radio practical to today's radio, pin pointed the sound. -David Sarnoff: made radio broadcasting a viable business in the United States. â€Å"radio for the people† Made red and blue networks, worked for NBC. He wanted to make radio for households. -Edwin H.Armstrong: Responsible for licensing frequency modulation (FM). -William S. Paley: Made radio broadcasting a viable business for the United States. Worked for CBS created 25 stations. -Thomas Edison: idea for the kinetoscope in 1888, made William K. L. Dickson create it. -Rupert Murdoch: Owner of fox broadcasting joined US media business from Australia and was able to accumulate so many media companies in a short amount of time. -Charlie Chaplin: founded un ited artists in 1919. They rebelled against the strict studio system of distribution and formed their own studio. â€Å"Fatty â€Å" Arbuckle: Comedian, hosted a marathon party in San Fran. A model was rushed to the hospital for stomach pains, she died at the hospital and fatty was charged with murder but then reduced to manslaughter. After three trials, he was acquitted. -Florence Lawrence: first movie star. Uncredited â€Å"Biograph girl†. She received screen credit from Carl Laemmle. This began the start of salaried stars and production staff to be under exclusive contracts. -Mary Pickford: Left biograph to join Laemmle by doubling her salary. She became one of the most influential women in early hollywood.She helped to finance the independent studio United Artists. -Edward R. Murrow: Early news figure at CBS, created the earl standards for broadcast news. -Philo T. Farnsworth: added the electronic scanner. Developed the cathode ray tube. He patented the scanner -Vladimi r Zworykin: developed an all-electronic system to transform a visual image into an electronic signal that traveled through the air. When the signal reached the tv receiver the signal was transformed again into a visual image for the viewer. -David Brinkley: broadcast news pioneer who began at NBC.News broadcaster -Tim Berners-Lee: developed programming languages that allow people to share all types of information online, and the first browser which allowed people to view information online in 1989. -Newton Minow: Public conscience. Hired at the FCC by JFK. Asked broadcast station owners and managers to watch their own programs. He said they would find a vast wasteland. He outlined tvs responsibilities to its audiences. -Nicholas Negroponte: at the massachusetts institute of technology first uses the term convergence to describe the intersection of industries.Said that the combination of the traditional media industries with the computer industry would create a new type of communicat ion. He created two models to show the position of the media industries in 78 and his projected vision for those industries in 2000. he listed three segments of the media business; print and publishing, broadcast and motion pictures, and the computer industry. The theory of convergence helped to shape todays thinking about the internet. Stations/Studios/Companies/Associations/etc: -KDKA: was the first commercial radio station in Pittsburgh.KDKA began daily one-hour evening schedules broadcasting from 8:30 to 9:30. they proved that regular programing could attract a loyal audience. -WEAF: New York. Weaf started selling advertising time to sponsors. This settled the issue of who would pay the cost of airing the programs.. Sold blocks of time. -RCA: government approved private monopoly. david sarnoff was general manager. He became tv's biggest promoter. RCA faced criticism about its broad control over the airwaves because it continued to be the world's largest distributor of radios. NB C (red and blue): created by David Sarnoff at NBC in 1926. The red network was fed from WEAF in New York. The blue network originated from station WJZ in Newark. Station engineers drew the planned hookups of the two networks with red and blue colored pencils which is how the networks got their names. One of the first tv networks. -ABC: American broadcasting company, the selling of this company to Edward Noble gave the country a three-network radio system. -ASCAP: American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. Created blanket licensing of music broadcasting over the radio. FCC: Federal Communications Commission. Granted frequency licenses. FCC ordered NBC to divest one of its networks. FCC recognizes FM -National Public Radio: 1970, goes on air. Government began funding the NPR in 1967. By design, public radio was created as an alternative to commercial radio. Depends primarily on private donations to survive. Started the program All things considered for the evening drive-t ime and launched the morning edition. -Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association: In 1930, they adopted a production code to control movie content. Will Hays was the president.The code had three principles: No picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standards, correct standards of life, subject only to the requirements of drama and entertainment shall be presented, law, natural or human, shall not be ridiculed. The code is then divided into 12 categories of wrongdoing. Murder. Sex. Obscenity. Costume. -United Artists: Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and DW Griffith, independent studio run by the stars themselves in 1919. -Disney: Walt Disney, only 1930's newcomer to the movie business. Created snow white & 7 dwarfs which was the first full-length animated feature.Grey to media company we know today. -CBS: First tv networks. Created by William Paley. Had 25 stations. Later, in 1947, CBS began broadcasting television news. -CNN: Started in 197 9 by Ted Turner, CNN's global reach gives the US audience instant access to new about international events. Modern satellites made this possible. -TNT: 1976. Part of the cable industry. Happenings -â€Å"War of the Worlds†: Orson Welles, Mercury Theater. Night before Halloween. Aired dramatized version of â€Å"war of the worlds† as a live news broadcast. Some people thought that it was really happening.This challenged radio's authority/credibility. -American motion picture premier: Edison organized the first American motion picture premiere with an improved camera developed by independent inventor Thomas Armat. Edison dubbed the new machine the Vitascope, and the first public showing of the picture was on April 23rth 1896 at Koster and Bial's Theater in New York. This spawned nickelodeons. -US v. Paramount Pictures case: Limit block booking to five, stop blind booking, stop requiring short film rentals, stop buying theaters. -quiz show scandals: Brought about an ethic s scandal in 1958. aused the netwoks to reexamine the relationship between advertisers and programs. The networks turned to other sources such as independent producers, for their programming. Charles Van Doren played on twenty one, he won 129,000 admitted he was fed the answers. -Radio Act of 1912:Licensing, limited freedom. Public Convenience, interest or necessity. Used for the basis of broadcasting. -Radio Act of 1927: formed the Federal Radio commission under the jurisdiction of the department of commerce. The president appointed the commission's five members, with the Senate's approval. Stations operate as a public convenience, interest or necessity requires. † Also became the license holder. Stations could operate only with the government's approval and stations needed commission approval to be sold or transferred. This became the foundation for all broadcast regulation in the United states. -Digital Millennium Copyright Act: in 1998, made it illegal to share copyrighted material on the internet. -Public Broadcasting Act of 1967: created the corporation for Public Broadcasting and included funding for public radio and tv stations. Telecommunications Act of 1996: first major overhaul of broadcast regulation since the federal communications commission was established. The legacy of the act is that commercial radio is regulated much less than the 70s. This is called the policy of deregulation. It removed ownership limits. Allowed cross ownership, prompted consolidation. Concepts -Radio vs. TV programming: -Race movies: pioneered the art of breaking stereotypes. These films showcased all black casts in a variety of genres including westerns, mysteries, romances and melodramas. -Hays Office production code: May not lower moral standard of viewers.Proper standards of life. Respect for law. No sympathy for violators. Murder should not inspire imitation. No lustful kissing or lustful embraces. No obscenity. Costumes must not be indecent, dancing movements that are exposing or indecent are forbidden. -syndicated TV programming: are independently produced programming. Oprah, jeopardy, wheel of fortune. Services that sell programming to broadcast stations and cable. -1950s television boom: -TV’s impact on sports: CBS paid 28 million for NFL rights, in 1990 it cost 3. 6 billion (now even higher). TV funds much of professional sports.Expansion to cable (ESPN) -Spanish language TV: New audience. Unison draws more viewers than all english language networks. Telenovelas. -Web advertising: banners and ads. They can target their audiences by tracking. -Convergence: Melding of communications, computer and electronics industries. Movies -The Great Train Robbery: is a 1903 American western film written, produced, and directed by Edwin S. Porter. 12 minutes long, it is considered a milestone in film making. The film used a number of innovative techniques including composite editing, camera movement and on location shooting. The Birth of a N ation: 1915. First budget, feature-length film spectacular. D. W. Griffith. Now recalled for racist themes. Drawing specialized audiences. Oscar Micheaux's work countered birth of a nation. -The Jazz Singer: is a 1927 American musical film. The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the â€Å"talkies† and the decline of the silent film era. Directed by Alan Crosland and produced by Warner Bros. with its Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, the movie stars Al Jolson, who performs six songs.The film is based on The Day of Atonement, a play by Samson Raphaelson. -Steamboat Willie: Disney in 1928. is a 1928 American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. It was produced in black-and-white by the Walt Disney Studios and released by Celebrity Productions. The cartoon is considered the debut of Mickey Mouse, -Snow White and the Seven Dwarves: Disney, 1937. first full-length animated f eature. Cost 2. 25 million, as much as an MGM, musical. -Empire of the Air: Proved that radio is an ideal medium for reaching masses of the US, your geographic location is not affected by it.Government issued patents that caused friction. All about money—Sarnoff controlled everything and created a network. The film reflects capitalism and the â€Å"american dream† he was an immigrant and created this entertainment to become rich. Drive ourselves and need new technology to become elite. -Sunset Boulevard: Film noir. Used a mirror in the water to give the illusion of being underwater. -Quiz Show: Quiz Show is a 1994 American historical drama film produced and directed by Robert Redford. Charles Van Doren won 129,000 but was fed the answers. –The Social Network

Globalization of Mcdonalds

Contemporary World Culture Globalization of McDonalds Globalization has affected almost every aspect of life in most all countries around the world from economic to culture with the exchange of goods, services and ideas influencing cultural changes around the world. Food is an important element in defining culture and the globalization of McDonald’s is huge. Most people when they hear the name McDonald’s immediately think of America. Equating McDonald’s with America is sensible since they opened their first restaurant in America back in 1953 and over the years directly influenced American culture in a tremendous way. From the days of a child’s first words McDonalds naturally comes off their lips as a place they want to eat. McDonald’s terms such as super size me have influenced teen culture by making its way into slang. McDonalds is the cool place to eat while at the same time driving our fast past give it to me now American culture. McDonald’s made it easy for Americans to get what they want fast and move on with life. McDonald’s has and still is a strong expression of American culture. When a McDonald's opens in a new neighborhood in a different country, people think of Americanization of the local culture. In reality McDonald’s more times than not has conformed to the local culture, not the other way around. McDonald’s also alters its regional menus to conform to local taste. McDonalds is in the business of making money and has found it makes the most money by giving people what they want. Different countries and cultures around the world have different needs and wants thus becoming an expression of global culture bring a common thread to pull together different cultures from around the world into one global fast food culture.

Are New Media Rewiring Us Essays

Are New Media Rewiring Us Essays Are New Media Rewiring Us Essay Are New Media Rewiring Us Essay Authors Like Gunter Krebs a great writer focuses on the literacy side of the new media age that Is developing slower. As teaching a child to read Is as simple as Glenn them a Pad that has an application for children or even an adult learning about the medical field that is on the phone or Pad also with diagrams plus definition of all kinds. Without learning the fundamentals usually in anything the work will not be detailed or without errors. It is no longer possible to think about literacy in isolation from vast array of social technological or economic factors Is the truth as Mr.. Krebs expresses meaning of how being literate Is the key to everyone having a foundation. Andrew Lam is keyed on the social networks that arent usually going to benefit future satisfaction maybe momentary decision. Happiness and great friendships that last throughout college or high school but no true friend only talks online on websites like Twitter or Faceable. There are many lessons learned through talking in person and many people for that reason like Mr.. Lam understands a real conversation is one that Isnt tweeted through a computer or phone on a repetitive basis. More along the nines of dialogue from self rather than on the Internet the place were once its said there is no taking it back. ?cuff the communication of technology was created to enhance our daily lives something has dramatically changed. ?D Sherry Turtle addresses the contradiction inherent in a technology that keeps us always connected but argues very alone about how technology takes over people minds. The person cannot go without a device that Is meaning less when it comes to great Interpersonal skills or hands on work that Is needed to be done for the future things a phone or pad will not offer. People love their new technologies and connect easily they have made parents and children feel more secure and revolutionized business. The growth in a business can develop and prosper depending if it would be set out to be done from the start. Diagnosing the Digital Revolution by Alison Goops letting the reader understand how media devices are such an attachment. Things can get worse the more time that Is spent observing It or handling It. Physiologist suggested a person literally could not disengage from the grip. There was an automatic incapability to the device which occurs unfortunately with many and a definite reason why many should realize how New Media is Rewiring this Generation and will not get better. Just like the newspaper used to get read by families and everyone in the household would know what Is going on, now its all appeared on the Internet or a cellular device. Man authors have a certain style of writing and many have an understanding of want Is Sal a tonguing tenure topic Decease It Is statues Ana enumerators Trot ten audience if it is from a children audiences or an adult. Gunter Krebs has a great respective of what it takes to be alliterated have the basic knowledge of whats important. Andrew Lam is a focused Journalistic type of writer and understands if a topic is important there will be examples to follow along. Sherry Turtle scientific type author that relates to statistics but doesnt use basic knowledge used in some of her suggestions that are given in the writing. Alison Coping is a problem solver type of writer mainly for this article giving reason why there shouldnt be a technological addictiveness that closer than family or something that is actually has value.

60 Writing Topics for Extended Definitions

60 Writing Topics for Extended Definitions Simply put, a definition is a statement of the meaning of a word or phrase. An extended definition goes beyond what can be found in a dictionary,  offering an expanded analysis and illustration  of a concept that might be abstract, controversial, unfamiliar, or frequently misunderstood. Take, for example, writings such as William James Pragmatic Theory of Truth or John Bergers The Meaning of Home. Approaching the Abstract Abstract concepts, including many of the broad terms in the list that follows, need to be brought to earth with an example to relate what they mean to your reader and to get your point or opinion across. You could illustrate the concepts with anecdotes from your personal life or examples from the news or current events, or write an opinion piece.  Theres no single method for  developing  and  organizing  a paragraph or essay by extended definition. The 60 concepts listed here can be defined in various ways and from different points of view. Brainstorming and Prewriting Start with brainstorming your topic. If you work well with lists, write the word at the top of the paper and fill the rest of the page with all the things that the word makes you think of, feel, see, or even smell, without stopping. Its OK to go off on tangents, as you might find a surprising connection that could make a powerful, insightful, or even humorous essay. Alternatively, brainstorm by writing the word in the middle of your paper and connect other related words to it and each other. As you develop your angle, think about the concepts background, features, characteristics, and parts. What is the concepts opposite? What are its effects on you or others? Something in your list or word map will spark a writing idea or theme to use to illustrate the abstract concept, and then its off to the races. If you run into a dead end the first time, go back to your list and pick another idea. Its possible that your first draft turns out to be prewriting and leads to a better idea that can be developed further and can possibly even incorporate the prewriting exercise. Time spent writing is time spent exploring and is never wasted, as sometimes it takes a bit of pursuit to discover the perfect idea. If seeing examples will help spark your essay, take a look at Gifts, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Gore Vidals Definition of Prettiness, or A Definition of Pantomime, by Julian Barnes. 60 Topic Suggestions Looking for a place to start? Here are 60 words and phrases so broad that writings on them could be infinite: TrustKindnessSexismGumptionRacismSportsmanshipHonorModestySelf-assuranceHumilityDedicationSensitivityPeace of mindRespectAmbitionRight to privacyGenerosityLazinessCharismaCommon senseTeam playerMaturityIntegrityHealthy appetiteFrustrationOptimismSense of humorLiberalConservativeA good (or bad) teacher or professorPhysical fitnessFeminismA happy marriageTrue friendshipCourageCitizenshipSuccessA good (or bad) coachIntelligencePersonalityA good (or bad) roommatePolitical correctnessPeer pressureLeadershipPersistenceResponsibilityHuman rightsSophisticationSelf-respectHeroismThriftSlothVanityPrideBeautyGreedVirtueProgressA good (or bad) bossA good (or bad) parent

Habits and Traits of Backswimmers

Habits and Traits of Backswimmers The name tells you just about everything you need to know about members of the family Notonectidae. Backswimmers do just that – they swim upside down, on their backs. The scientific name Notonectidae originates from the Greek words notos, meaning back, and nektos, meaning swimming. Description of Backswimmers A backswimmer is built like an upside down boat. The backswimmers dorsal side is convex and V-shaped, like the keel of a boat. These aquatic insects use their long back legs as oars to propel themselves across the water. The rowing legs lack claws but are fringed with long hairs. The backswimmers coloration is the opposite of most insects, presumably because they live their lives upside down. A backswimmer typically has a dark belly and a light-colored back. This makes them less conspicuous to predators as they backstroke around the pond. The backswimmers head is typical of an aquatic true bug. It has two large eyes, positioned close together, but no ocelli. A cylindrical beak (or rostrum) folds neatly under the head. The short antennae, with just 3-4 segments, are almost hidden below the eyes. Like other Hemiptera, backswimmers have piercing, sucking mouthparts. Adult backswimmers bear functional wings and will fly, though doing so requires them to first exit the water and right themselves. They grasp prey and cling to aquatic vegetation using their first and second pairs of legs. At maturity, most backswimmers measure less than  ½ inch in length. Classification Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – HemipteraFamily - Notonectidae Backswimmer Diet Backswimmers prey on other aquatic insects, including fellow backswimmers, as well as on tadpoles or small fish. They hunt by either diving down to catch submerged prey or by releasing their hold on vegetation and simply drifting up under prey above them. Backswimmers feed by piercing their prey and then sucking the fluids from their immobilized bodies. Life Cycle As all true bugs do, backswimmers undergo incomplete or simple metamorphosis. Mated females deposit eggs in or on aquatic vegetation, or on the surface of rocks, usually in spring or summer. Hatching may occur in just a few days, or after several months, depending on the species and on environmental variables. Nymphs look similar to adults, though lack fully developed wings. Most species overwinter as adults. Special Adaptations and Behaviors Backswimmers can and will bite people if handled carelessly, so use caution when skimming specimens from a pond or lake. Theyve also been known to bite unsuspecting swimmers, a habit for which theyve earned the nickname water wasps. Those whove felt the wrath of the backswimmer will tell you their bite feels quite like a bee sting. Backswimmers can stay underwater for hours at a time, by virtue of a portable SCUBA tank they carry with them. On the underside of the abdomen, the backswimmer has two channels covered by inward-facing hairs. These spaces allow the backswimmer to store air bubbles, from which it draws oxygen while submerged. When oxygen stores become low, it must breach the surface of the water to replenish the supply. Males of some species possess stridulatory organs, which they use to sing courtship overtures to receptive females. Range and Distribution Backswimmers inhabit ponds, freshwater pools, lake edges, and slow-moving streams. About 400 species are known throughout the world, but only 34 species inhabit North America. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.Family Notonectidae - Backswimmers, BugGuide.Net. Accessed February 25, 2013.Aquatic and Semiaquatic Heteroptera of Michigan - True Bugs - Identification, a website by Ethan Bright, University of Michigan. Accessed February 8, 2016.Water Boatmen and Backswimmers, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Accessed February 25, 2013.Notonectidae - Backswimmers, by Dr. John Meyer, North Carolina State University. Accessed February 25, 2013.A Dictionary of Entomology, by Gordon Gordh, David H. Headrick.

The writing life of the arthur Stephen king Research Paper

The writing life of the arthur Stephen king - Research Paper Example While King was in college, he spent a lot of time doing odd jobs to pay for his tuition, but he continued to write. In 1967, King’s first professional story, â€Å"The Glass Floor,† was sold. After college, King was unable to find immediate employment, so he made money by selling many of his short stories to men’s magazines. Even after he obtained a job as an English teacher, King continued to write and sell his short stories to various publications. In 9171, he began to prepare notes for his first novels. From the mid-70s to the mid-80s, Stephen King saw some of his biggest successes. In 1974, his novel Carrie was published. He originally threw away the manuscript for the novel, but his wife convinced him to finish. To this day, Carrie remains to be one of his most acclaimed novels. The following year came the publishing and releasing of his second novel, Salem’s Lot. In 1977, after his mother’s death from cancer, King wrote and published The Shini ng, yet another one of his most-recognized novels and the most referenced in popular culture. The following year, The Stand, his forth novel, was written and published. In 1985, King had a taste of the comic book world, collaborating on an X-Men comic books with various other writers for a charity event. King took part in his own individual comic book adventure in 1986, writing the introduction to an anniversary addition of Batman (Collings 45). In the latter part of the 1970s, the conception of King’s first series, The Dark Tower series, led to further success for the writer. The first novel was featured in installments in various horror-based magazines. It was professionally published in 1982 and gained quick popularity amongst horror, fantasy, and science fiction fans. The seven-book series was written and published over a span of forty years, with the final one being released in 2004. In 2009, however, King also wrote and published a prequel to the series. On June 19, 199 9, Stephen King was involved in a car accident, during which he was struck by an unaware driver while King was walking along the road and reading a book (Brooks 428). The accident caused numerous injuries and great pain in King, prompting him to announce his retirement from writing in 2002. Due to the injuries sustained in his accident, he found it painful to sit for long periods of time, which took away a lot of his time for writing. However, King has since continued writing, pumping out almost a novel every year. His last published book, in 2009, was Ur. In March of 2011, King made it known that his next novel was set to be released November 8, 2011, and that he was planning on publishing an eighth Dark Tower novel in 2012. Stephen King is one of the most well-known horror writers of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Though he is writing at a slower pace due to the pains of his accident, King has made it clear that writing is not only his job, but his life, and he has no i ntentions of parting from his works until his dying day. Until then, he will continue to appease to his loyal fans. Works Cited Beahm, George W. The Stephen King Story. 2nd ed. Kansas City, MO: Andrews & McMeel, 2000. Print. Beahm divulges into the life of Stephen King. The majority of the book is centered on King's childhood. More specifically, the events and

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Philosophy - Essay Example Considering my position, I may consider soul to be the ultimate manner of allowing a person to be somewhat same throughout life. The first explanation is somewhat the most common where a person is shown to have a childhood. But it should be noted that this respective person has grown up over the years. This means that the person is not the same anymore. Thus, this clarifies that one cannot be same over the years if experience of living is the manner to claim difference of personality and identity. Secondly, the physical features are also marked to define a person’s identity throughout life but as a matter of fact, even the physical features would change with the passing of years. Thus, even this explanation regarding self proves to e unacceptable. Furthermore, it is the DNA which provides further definition to the concept of being you and sameness of you throughout life. In conjunction to this, it is evident that twins may have same DNA. It is due to this reason that DNA is an other unacceptable definition to this question. As noted by the author, â€Å"The mystery of personal identity is figuring out how we can solve both the problem of difference and the problem of sameness† (Hales 151). ... This clearly means that a person who is unconscious is a person without soul. The critique to my position as per the author is that one cannot simply rely on psychological state of a person, as mind-body relationship reacts to it, can be a way to explain the identity of a person because it may change over the time. As noted in the book, â€Å"Nowadays people sometimes equate their soul with their personality, or use soul to refer to the ethical faculty of the mind. Thus a conscious-less psychopath might be called soulless† (Hales 157). Thus, it is extremely important to provide such a statement by undergoing psychological criterion making soul=mind to be ineligible. II. Likewise Hales, I would like to comment for this question. The aspect of knowledge is somewhat blurred in the minds of people. There is a way to spread knowledge which is impartation done by the educational institutions. The criterion of knowledge which is basically being provided in such a manner is mere repea tedly ratified facts and figures which have been gained by experiences and Methodism (Turnbull, Trnbull and Shogren). However, the fact remains that this knowledge which was gained later on, was once used to be incorrect. The measure and acceptance of any fact which is regarded as knowledge, is done in the manner of claimed including true or false. This means that previously it was the fact which was considered to be superficial. I would like to connect this idea with the dialogue from the movie Men in Black which has also been used in the textbook considered for this assignment. It is as follows, â€Å"1500 years ago everybody ‘knew’ the Earth was the center of the universe. 500 years ago everybody ‘knew’ the Earth was at. And 15 minutes ago

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the referendum as a Essay

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the referendum as a decision mechanism to solve the principal agent problem in political representation - Essay Example The two common types of referendum include; obligatory and facultative referendums. Obligatory referendum emerges when electorate’s votes have the right and responsibility to vote for a particular policy as may be defined by the constitution (Dovi, 2011). The outcomes of electorate’s votes in a referendum are legally binding. On the other hand, facultative referendum involves a vote by certain groups such as parliamentarians, electorates, executives and electorates. Normally, facultative referendum may be carried out in order to make amendments in some sections of the constitution. Facultative referendum may be carried out if certain provisions within a constitution require some amendment (Local Direct Democracy in Europe, 2011). Whereby, citizens might be required to give their opinion by participating in a referendum. In above connection, the outcome of a referendum represents the voice of majority because all citizens participate collectively in a decision making pro cess (Republic of Moldova, 1999). However, the outcomes of a referendum may not always represent a true voice of the electorates because of some political influence before and during the referendum. Whereby, some politicians ay influence electorate’s decisions by manipulating them to accept or reject a particular legislation for their own personal gains (Tierney, 2012). Normally, politicians act as agents while the electorates/ citizens act like the principal. Therefore, the agents have the obligation to act at the best interest of their principle in order to ensure that there is proper agency relationship. This means that conflict of interest may occur when politicians tend to pursue their own personal interest at the expense of their citizens. For instance, politicians may pass those bills that suit their needs at the expense of the electorates (Schiller, 2011). In above connection, referendum may be involved

Man of stone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Man of stone - Essay Example When he takes his strolling across the poor district, his trait comes out clearly as he is able to notice how the level of poverty has heated the province. The way he describe the women, children and men brings out the real state that is on the ground. Although through his observation he is unable to impact the society, he uses other means like pen and paper to express the status of the society. He says, ‘I have managed to lose valuable time. Pull my long abandoned paper out of drawer. And since then the world has not blown away ((Sonzogni & Marco, 180). This is evidently that the author is talking about the war of against poverty. He compares the two gentlemen; the smothered man in officer’s boots symbolizes poor hygiene that can make someone to suffocate and the owner of prosperous bar who used to call his, ’Brother ,brother’ .Probably the owner of prosperous bar was once a beggar who wanted to comfort himself with the author because they had common background of poverty Through the analysis of the story, the main theme of poverty is being focused by the author. He takes his long afternoon visiting the poorest of his city during his summer time. During his visit, the author reveal how depth the poverty has engulf his district and how the women and children lives have been diver stated by poverty. â€Å"I watch the peasant woman squatting near their wares against the wall of bombed out houses, the dirty children running between the puddles chasing rag ball and the dust covered sweaty work men who work from dawn till dusk hummer at trolley bus rail along deserted street† Describe the clothes of the peasant trader women as smelly. This shows how this society is struggling to make their life to become better (Sonzogni & Marco, 179). Immorality is another theme that the author is trying to bring out in this society. Most of the women are trying

The Plaza Hotel At New York City Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Plaza Hotel At New York City - Research Paper Example The original model of this hotel was changed after being renovated. When this hotel reopened in 2007, it was its 100th anniversary. It had undergone refurbishment at a cost of 4400 million. The internal structure and model of the hotel was changed from the original model to a newer model. Originally, when this hotel was constructed, it contained 805 rooms, 500 bathrooms, 10 elevators, a palm court with a Tiffany leaded glass domed ceiling, large private suites, and a two-story ballroom. However, on its re-opening in 2007, it had 282 guestrooms and 181 apartments (Turkel, 2010). This hotel is also associated with historical events in the New York. For instance, important political meetings in history were held at the Plaza Hotel. The Beatles, on their first visit to the USA, stayed in the plaza hotel, in February 1964. In addition, the Plaza Hotel hosted Katherine Graham and Truman Capote’s â€Å"Black and white† in the grand ballroom on 28 November 1966. Most importantly, in 1985, leaders of different developed countries converged at the Plaza Hotel to brainstorm financial global issues. It is while here that these political leaders signed the Plaza Accord after them reaching an agreement. These finance leaders were mainly from West Germany, France, Britain, United States, and Japan. The main agenda of the meeting was to agree on ways of lowering the price of US dollar against the currencies of other nations. The Plaza hotel has in the past accommodated a variety of famous people. These include performers, famous guests, and movie stars. For instance, those known to have visited include Elizabeth Taylor, Clara Bow, the Beatles, Cary Grant, Scott Fitzgerald, Marilyn Monroe, George Cohan, among others. These are famous authors, and actors in the world (Hession & Pickrel, 2007). The Plaza hotel is considered an oasis of culture. It has managed to sustain and enhance the culture

An Election of Monumental Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Election of Monumental Change - Essay Example A "hot button" issue for many in the United States is the ongoing Us-led conflict in Iraq which has been going on since March 2003. This is one of the areas which Senator Obama has wished to distinguish himself from his other Senators in that unlike Senator's Clinton and McCain, Obama has not given as much leeway in the form of senatorial votes in favor of President Bush's defense budget, while on the other hand both Senator Clinton, as well as Senator McCain, have voted in both sides of the issue. In an era where the American people are looking for hope and this year looking to elect a new President, the two candidates to observe are Senator Barak Obama of Illinois and Senator Hillary Clinton of New York. Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the US has taken it upon itself to adopt a pre-emptive measure as it comes to defending itself, as well as defending its role in international relations with the rest of the world. ... from the start, he says there is "no military solution" to the situation in Iraq," Adding that, "In January 2007, Obama proposed the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007, which would reverse the troop surge and redeploy U.S. troops to Afghanistan and other locations in phases. He favors more funds for U.S. military equipment like night-vision goggles and reinforced Humvees, though his recent refusal to sign a war funding bill came under criticism from presidential aspirant John McCain (R-AZ), who, among other things, accused the senator of misspelling "flak jacket." Under Obama's plan, there may be a residual troop presence (NYT) in Iraq for security and training purposes. His bill has not yet been voted on," (CFR 3/18/2008). In regards to Senator Clinton, her candidacy comes with the inevitable comparison, as well as what some would call "baggage", from the 8 years in office which her husband spent. "Sen. Clinton (D-NY) supported the invasion of Iraq at its advent, but now opposes it and claims that as president, she would end the war. Clinton opposed the 2007 escalation of the war. In early 2007, Clinton proposed the Iraq Troop Protection and Reduction Act. That bill, which would have prevented an increase in troops in Iraq above the level of January 1, 2007, had no cosponsors and never reached a vote," Elaborating further that, "Clinton also opposes the establishment of permanent military bases in Iraq, although she, like Biden, does expect there to be a need for a "reduced residual force," perhaps stationed in Iraqi Kurdistan, even after troop redeployment. Clinton cosponsored Sen. Joe Biden's Iraq War Policy resolution in January 2007. In 2002, Clinton voted in favor of the invasion of Iraq, and has been widely criticized for her refusal to apologize for that

The Plaza Hotel At New York City Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Plaza Hotel At New York City - Research Paper Example The original model of this hotel was changed after being renovated. When this hotel reopened in 2007, it was its 100th anniversary. It had undergone refurbishment at a cost of 4400 million. The internal structure and model of the hotel was changed from the original model to a newer model. Originally, when this hotel was constructed, it contained 805 rooms, 500 bathrooms, 10 elevators, a palm court with a Tiffany leaded glass domed ceiling, large private suites, and a two-story ballroom. However, on its re-opening in 2007, it had 282 guestrooms and 181 apartments (Turkel, 2010). This hotel is also associated with historical events in the New York. For instance, important political meetings in history were held at the Plaza Hotel. The Beatles, on their first visit to the USA, stayed in the plaza hotel, in February 1964. In addition, the Plaza Hotel hosted Katherine Graham and Truman Capote’s â€Å"Black and white† in the grand ballroom on 28 November 1966. Most importantly, in 1985, leaders of different developed countries converged at the Plaza Hotel to brainstorm financial global issues. It is while here that these political leaders signed the Plaza Accord after them reaching an agreement. These finance leaders were mainly from West Germany, France, Britain, United States, and Japan. The main agenda of the meeting was to agree on ways of lowering the price of US dollar against the currencies of other nations. The Plaza hotel has in the past accommodated a variety of famous people. These include performers, famous guests, and movie stars. For instance, those known to have visited include Elizabeth Taylor, Clara Bow, the Beatles, Cary Grant, Scott Fitzgerald, Marilyn Monroe, George Cohan, among others. These are famous authors, and actors in the world (Hession & Pickrel, 2007). The Plaza hotel is considered an oasis of culture. It has managed to sustain and enhance the culture

Annotated bibliography-Sheila Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

-Sheila - Annotated Bibliography Example Although these authors have presented a detailed analysis on the subject, a knowledge gap can be witnessed in the book. The authors did not present steps for making efficient corporate strategy that drives towards sustainability. The principles of business sustainability are most relevant to the main topic i.e. DSS. The authors did not conduct any specific research on the subject; they presented the information by gathering data from past authors and through their own analysis of knowledge. The proceedings, ‘Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning -- IDEAL 2014: 15th International Conference, Salamanca, Spain, September 10-12, 2014. Proceedings’ is edited by Corchado. It is the compilation of the IDEAL 2014, 15th International Conference that took place in Salamanca, Spain. In short, the proceedings of the conference have effectively highlighted the main aspects of the conference. In the proceedings, some of the most advanced and highly technological methods of data engineering are discussed. Springer, London, published it. Springer publishing is a world famous publishing company that has its franchise throughout the world. It publishes books, textbooks, journals, researches, etc. the editor of the proceedings has presented some simple yet highly advanced methods of data engineering and automated learning. For this reason, it is highly in relevance with the core topic i.e. DSS. Since, it is a conference proceeding therefore it is difficult to s ay whether there are some knowledge gaps in the book or not. The information provided in the proceedings however provides an in-depth analysis of the subject topic. The book, ‘GIS to support cost-effective decisions on renewable sources’ is written by  Gemelli, Mancini,  Diamantini, &  Longhi. As the name suggests, the book discusses some of the key elements regarding cost effectiveness and decision making on how to renew

Purpose of Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment

Purpose of Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT   Ã‚   The main aim of the MBIEs is the growth of the New Zealand for all. This growth is relates to the economy. For achieving a quality life and a good living standard an economy promoting sustainable growth is required. For all includes the people of New Zealand at present an also in future. MBIEs purpose is for New Zealand to benefit from: Maximum numbers of highly skilled people and innovative firms A greater dynamic and supportive business environment Sustainably higher value derived from natural environment more productive and prosperous sectors, regions and people A better environment that can better supports a well-functioning economy The work of MED is to regulating the NZs standards and conformance infrastructure. It works with the purpose of: Motivating the business person to do innovations in their products, encourages competition and productivity. Reduction in the compliance cost to the business Development in the technical infrastructure of business in order to meet the needs of consumers and local business. 5 specialist bodies works with the MED for the betterment of New Zealanders SNZ JAS-ANZ TSS IANZ MSL These organizations works with the collaboration with the MED in order to provide quality life to the residents of NZ through standards and conformance infrastructure liaison group: TSS : Trading standards service IANZ: International Accreditation NZ. MSL: Measurement standards laboratory of NZ. SNZ: Standard NZ JAS-ANZ: Joint Accreditation system of Australia and New Zealand There are fewer regulations related to trade of goods and services in New Zealand. The traders and manufacturers to ensure their product safety adopt self-regulations. All of this is backed by the consumer protection legislation. Consumer protection legislation The responsibility of standards and conformance infrastructure falls under this legislation Works to improve technical infrastructure to support the people of New Zealand, their businesses and trading activities of New Zealand. Promotes healthy competition and supports innovation and productivity constantly. Reduces the compliance cost in businesses. Looks after the five technical bodies of Standard and Conformance infrastructure and makes sure they are functioning properly and are being met by people. Five technical bodies of Standard and Conformance TSS : Trading standards service IANZ: International Accreditation NZ MSL: Measurement standards laboratory of NZ SNZ: Standard NZ JAS-ANZ: Joint Accreditation system of Australia and New Zealand Food Safety and HACCP Thus, food safety regulations are applicable on food sold in the domestic and local markets In Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) handlers of food have to analyze it, identify risks if any and put the systems to handle those risks. HACCP makes sure that food processors, wholesalers and retailers, restaurants and other food premises are involved in identifying and managing any areas or processes where food contamination or deterioration could occur. These regulations are applied by Ministry of Health on food which is sold by the seller in the local market. The aim of applying these regulations is to ensure that the food which is sold is free from any kind of contaminated material and fit for the human consumption. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry also keep a check on the exported products whether they are safe for consumption or not. In the domestic market, it is voluntary, but food processors and retailers with an independently audited HACCP system in place can apply to the Ministry of Health for exemption from regular food safety inspections. ELECTRICAL AND GAS SAFETY Electrical safety regulations protects the people from the electricity related harms and dangers The service also regulates the quality and measurement of gas and electricity and the quality of petrol and diesel This includes safely installation of electrical appliances and safety of electricity supply and generating systems This regulations deals with the safety requirements regarding the electrical and gas appliances This also includes the measurement of gas and electricity Electrical appliances are verified in order check whether they are safe to use or not MACHINERY, PRESSURE EQUIPMENT, CRANES AND PASSENGER ROPE-WAYS There is a organization that is Occupational Safety and Health(OSH) that helps to safe the human beings and workers from the machines and equipments Heavy machines like boilers, cutting machines should meet OHS standard before being used in NZ. OSH provides the standards that must used by the person before the appliance used in NZ. Before going to the market, the product must be tested and inspected. Thus, exporters need to check carefully whether there are any technical requirements their product must meet in each market and what is involved. MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS OR ARRANGEMENTS (MRAs) Mutual Recognition Agreements is a mutual agreement between the two countries. It is an international agreement. This is the agreement where two or more countries agree to recognize one anothers conformity assessments. MRAs enable New Zealands test and inspection reports, and product and quality certificates, to be accepted by other economies. MRAs are based on shared purpose and belief in the technical competence of each others systems and procedures. It is the responsibility of MED to maintain govt. level MRAs. For maintaining govt. level MRAs the govt. includes some sort of agreements. These are: TTMRA (Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition agreement): Australia and NZ made the agreements which are done for the betterment of the both countries. It came into force on May 1 1998. According to this agreement the good which is sold in one country is legally able to sell in country without any difference. NZ/EU MRA (Agreement between NZ and European community for mutual recognition of conformity assessment): According to this agreement conformity regulations is done by the NZ/EU MRA (testing, inspection, and certification) of products traded between New Zealand and any of the fifteen members of the European Union to be undertaken in the exporting country, before the goods are shipped. Each country follows its own rules and regulations but they agree that one country can act on the behalf of other. CEP (Agreement between the NZ and Singapore on Closer Economic Partnership): According to this approach same international standards are followed at international and recognition of conformity assessment. To minimize the effect of technical barriers, to promote use the best practice internationally and support of NZ exporters and importers. For example, the parties have negotiated mutual recognition of conformity assessment in electrical and electronic equipment. APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation): MED officials represent the NZ on APEC which is Sub-Committee on standards and conformance which works out for the purpose of bringing harmonization in the mandatory technical requirement of trade between the economics in Asia Pacific region. Standards refer to the published documents that include specifications for processes, products and services that have been agreed upon. Standards cover areas of compatibility, quality, information, safety and performance. Standards are some sort of doings that are used as measure, norm or model in comparative analysis. It is a benchmark i.e. a product or a service should be of a particular quality or level. For example an electronic product is said to be meeting a standard when the minimum safety requirement is met. It makes our lives easy as it helps in keeping our house, building, electronics etc. safe. TYPES OF STANDARDS STANDARDS MANDATORY/VOLUNTARY MANDATORY: Mandatory standards are documented in laws or regulations that are stated through Acts or legislations, Mandatory standards are put in place by governments in order to order to protect the national interest. If any person does not abide these standards while performing any act, its punishable offence. These protect the consumer from being exploited because these act as safety standards; the demand for mandatory standards has been increased. It is illegal to sell products or services without meeting mandatory standards. VOLUNTARY: Voluntary standards are those standards that are not stated under law; these are formed by company according to their wish. For example ISO is a voluntary standard. Voluntary standards are set by customers or these are encouraged by industry groups. If someone wants more sales then they have to follow the voluntary standards because they ensure product is safe. The ministry has produced document called self regulation and codes of product to assist the industry in preparing appropriate codes to initiate their voluntary moves to achieve mutually agreed purpose in the eye of society, industry. The purpose of creating voluntary standards is to maintain image in the minds of consumers that the product is safe for consumption and doesnt provide any harm to human lives. STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND (SNZ) SNZ is that business unit that has a specialization in managing the development of standards and standards based solutions. Under the guidance of trading department of standard council, it was formed. The rules and regulations are mentioned in the standard act 1988 and governed by standard council. The Council has statutory responsibility for overseeing the development and adoption of standards and standards related products. SNZ does not receive direct government funding but receives revenue from contracts with industry and government for the adoption, development and support of standards and from the sales of standards publications. NEW ZEALAND ROLE New Zealand Standards, specified for New Zealand conditions. It is anoperating arm of standard council. It works on the behalf of consumers, industry and govt. It provides codes of practice or Industry Technical Agreements; these are quicker and less expensive to develop than a full standard. It conducts seminars to inform and train people on the content of specific standards and to publicize new standards. The main objective of the SNZ is to check whether the product, process and any other thing meet the quality standards or not. The product, process that meets the quality standards is only allowed for sale. NZ authorities check whether the product is safe, secure, and efficient for consumption purposes. NZ has 5 crown standards and conformance bodies among them one of the crown bodies is The Standards Council which has a SNZ as its operating arm. It is governed by the standard act 1988. SNZS INTERNATIONAL ROLE SNZ represents New Zealand in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) and facilitates New Zealand representation on relevant ISO and IEC technical bodies and standards committees. This enables New Zealand to have participation in the shaping of international standards and developments that help in reducing barriers to trade in New Zealands major export sectors and markets. SNZ is contracted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade to act as New Zealands Enquiry Point for the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT).   The Enquiry Point notifies the WTO of any New Zealand regulations that may impact on trade.   It also responds to enquiries from overseas on any regulations or requirements that must be met before specific products can be imported into New Zealand. SNZ is a founding member of the Pacific Area Standards Congress (PASC) and participates in PASC activities.   SNZ also works closely with government in standards and conformance activities within APEC and on standards issues in negotiations between Australia/New Zealand (CER) and trade groups in Southeast Asia and South America. SNZ also provides advice to the government on standards issues within international organizations such as the WTO and the OECD. SNZ assists in meeting the governments development assistance objectives by providing consultancy support, training and capacity building opportunities for standards bodies in developing countries All goods that are Exported/Imported shall pass through a barrier before they can be legally allowed to be sold in the market. MEASUREMENT The Measurement Act 1987 defines the regulations regarding the measurement and safety service. Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events. Measurement ensures that units of measurement are consistent with the international system of units. Units of measurement which are used by exporter, trader and supplier must comply with the international system of units. MSL(measurement standards laboratory) MEASUREMENT TSS(trading standards service MEASUREMENT STANDARDS LABORATORY (MSL) MSL is the National Metrology Institute of New Zealand that ensures consistency of NZ units of measurement with International unit system that is SI.MSL makes sure New Zealand is delivering measurements that are reliable and correct. It provides national measurement standards that are traceable to International System of Units.New Zealand is a signatory of Metric Treaty and also to the Mutual Recognition of National Measurement Standards and of Calibration and Measurement Certificates issued by National Metrology Institutes. MSL participates in all metrology activities conducted in the region of Asia- Pacific and is one of the active members. NEW ZEALAND ROLE MSL measurement capability underpins our whole technical infrastructure. Its key functions are: To support the standards of measurement relevant to New Zealand To ensure that users, both national and international, have confidence in New Zealands standards of measurement. To ensure that all measurements in New Zealand can be traceable to the International System of Units. MSL provides appropriate national measurement standards for the SI units of importance to New Zealand. New standards must be introduced and accessible standards extended in range and accuracy. Self-assurance in measurement is important for enforcement of local and central government regulations and codes, and for well-being in society. MSL is continually improving the measurement standards. In scientists it also monitored development in their professional areas so they can report on and respond to the changes. One of the main roles of MSL is to provide calibration also known as verification reports, which are traceable to SI and to National Standards of New Zealand. Calibration is provided in the areas like: Biological and chemical Length and dimensional Photometry and radiometry Mass and pressure Temperature and humidity Time and frequency It provides specialist measurement services Provides expert consultancy which advices on the measurements that are difficult. It includes expertise in technical areas such as- Laser safety Lighting Speed measurement Temperature required Ultra-Violent Hazards INTERNATIONAL ROLE SI or metric units of measurement are supported and developed under inter-governmental Metric Treaty of 1875 and NZ has adopted the same and became signatory to Metric treaty in the year 1991. MSL along with 37 other countries In October 1999 signed an agreement for Mutual Recognition of National Measurement Standards and of Calibration and Measurement Certificates issued by National Metrology Institutes. MRA states that national measurement institutes of signatory countries carry international measurement comparisons on regular basis. Regular comparison shows that measurements followed by different countries are same. The review is done regularly for purpose of ensuring that measurements from the different countries are same. TRADING STANDARD SERVICE (TSS) TSS helps by providing the security or sureness that the exchange of goods takes place on accurate measure, weight, and recognition basis. TSS provides constant advice to the government about measurements systems and legal operations. It provides advice to government on the NZ legal measurement system and its operation. The Weight and Measures Act 1987 is enforced by and under TSS. The system of standards and conformance applicable to trade is stated under the Weight and Measurement act. TSS is involved in testing of new weights and measuring instruments and approves them. NEW ZEALAND ROLE OPERATIONS: Provide advice to Government related to trade measurement issues Ensure compliance with the provisions of the Weights and Measures Act 1987 By using traceable standards of weight and measure TSS protects the integrity of the NZ trade measurement system Protect the integrity of the New Zealand trade measurement system Promote assurance on the accuracy of weighing and measuring equipment TSS prevents fraud by maintaining a type approval laboratory where new types of weighing and measuring instruments are checked against international measurement standards. INTERNATIONAL ROLE Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum: The purpose of Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum is to encourage honesty and harmony lawful metrology actions and services within the Asia-Pacific region and to build joint confidence in trade measurement. NZ is a active member of the APLMF. It is established under the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) as a special regional body. Trade Measurement Advisory Committee: The trade measurement authorities of NZ in joint collaboration authorities, states and territories of Australia developed this committee. These authorities comprises of this committee. This committee solves the disputes arising within Australia and between Australia and New Zealand and provides advices. The focuses on trade main issues within Australia and between Australia and New Zealand and provides guidelines opinion on trade depth issues to Australian State and Federal Governments and the New Zealand Government. AFTA and Australia/New Zealand CER: New Zealand and Australia also work alongside partner in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) on trade measurement issues. International Organization of legal Metrology: This organization was developed for the purpose of bringing international harmonization in the practical and theoretical aspects of measurement which is known as Metrology. It was established in 1955. NZ is one of the corresponding members of this organization as it consists of 57 countries and further 48 corresponding members. CONFORMANCE Conformance is undertaken by technical experts. Decisions are based on the results of measurements, tests, inspections or audits. Conformity assessment bodies then issue reports and certificates of compliance. This provides Accreditation or formal recognition that a body or person is competent to carry out specific tasks. There are three main types of conformity assessment: testing, inspecting and certifying. Conformance can be done through IANZ or JAS-ANZ. CONFORMANCE JAS AND ANZ INTERNATIONAL ACCREDATION NZ (IANZ) It is the national accreditation body which was established in 1972. It is a member of ILAC (international laboratory accreditation cooperation) and APLAC (Asia Pacific laboratory accreditation cooperation). It is involved in recognizing and assessing technical competencies It is a part of Accreditation councilandit is a crown entity. Govt. and others sectors voluntary use accreditation as a reliable method of competence. NEW ZEALAND ROLE It works with the government agencies to provide trade opportunities to NZ exporters to do trade at international level. It ensures that its government, consumers public have confidence in quality competence in NZs testing. IANZ is the operating arm of the Testing Laboratory Registration Council, a statutory body established by Act of Parliament in 1972. Over 200 technical experts who act as technical assessors for peer reviews of laboratories or inspection bodies in their specialist field gives proof to IANZ and IANZ relies on them. IANZ itself do evaluations by counterpart accreditation authorities from Europe, North America and the Asia Pacific region. This ensures that its competence and procedures remain consistent with international practice. IANZ participates in similar peer evaluations of its overseas counterparts. IANZ Operations Radiology service accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025 adapted) Pharmacy accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025 adapted) Testing and calibration laboratory accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025) Inspection body accreditation (ISO/IEC 17020) Proficiency testing programme accreditation (ISO/IEC Guide 43) Registration of OECD GLP Compliant Laboratories Designating Authority for approval of laboratories and inspection bodies for CE marking (see page 10)Assessment of Ministry of Health food safety system (HACCP) auditing bodies Assessment of MAF meat industry laboratories Development of accreditation programmes and technical criteria Technical information and advice Input to development of international standards relating to testing, inspection and accreditation Training courses in a range of technical areas, including laboratory quality management, measurement, testing and auditing skills.   Specific courses cover accreditation requirements for medical testing, radiology and inspection services Advisory service for developing country accreditation authorities INTERNATIONAL ROLE Accreditation authorities are signatories to the ILAC or APLAC Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRA) in over 65 countries, which recognizes reports from IANZ, accredited laboratories and inspection bodies as they meet the required international standards. IANZ comes in voluntary sector i.e. it is not mandatory under law. It is involved in providing proper guidance to the government on technical barriers and on conformance related issues. JOINT ACCREDITATION SYTEM OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND (JAS-ANZ) Australia and New Zealand has Joint Accreditation System helps markets for making their work more efficient by providing internationally recognized accreditation services that create economic benefit. By using the criteria of conditional model on international standards and guidelines JAS-ANZ provides accreditation programmers for regulator and industry specific schemes. Increased trade and greater competition from imported products has brought into focus the need for quality in products, processes and services. It creates economic benefits. It helps in the establishment of confidence among the users of Australia and NZ that goods used by consumers are met with the certain standards. It provides advises to govt. regarding the conformance issues and also manages and administers efficient management schemes. NEW ZEALAND ROLE Joint accreditation system helps in the establishment of confidence among the users of Australia and NZ that goods used by consumers are met with the certain standards. It helps in supporting the trade by obtaining and maintaining oversea acceptance of product certificates and management systems certificates issued in New Zealand and Australia. It makes the links with relevant bodies in the areas of conformity assessment services and recognition of standards in relation to goods and services. It oobtains mutual recognition and acceptance of certificates of conformity with relevant bodies in other countries. JAS-ANZ also provides advice to the government on conformance issues and participates in standards and conformance aspects of trade negotiations. The following activities are presently under the accredited programmes. Accreditation of Certifiers of Management Systems Certification of Quality Management Systems (ISO 9000 and QS-9000 for the automotive industry) Certification of Environmental management systems (ISO 14001) Certification of Food Safety Systems based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) Certification of HACCP Management systems Certification of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHS AS/NZS 4801) Certification of Information Security Management Systems (ISMS -   AS/NZS 4444) INTERNATIONAL ROLE The purpose of the JAS-ANZ is to develop mutual understandings with the international bodies so that accreditation certificates issued by will be international level and to be a forum for the exchange of information and ideas of common interest based on the relevant ISO/IEC accreditation and certification Guides. It is also a founding member of International Auditor and Training certification association which helps in developing mutual recognition scheme for ISO 9000 auditors and auditor training courses. TESTING Testing is the process that is being used to determine the characteristics of an item or material. The standard test methods are used to carry out tests in laboratories. For the scope of Accreditation all these tests are carried out.   The test reports may only carry the accreditation logo if the laboratory is accredited for specific tests. Testing is conducted to determine items or products characteristics. It is conducted in labs and reports provided are related to the sample testing. There are some Standard test method is used for doing tests that states environment, equipment and procedures to conduct a reliable test. Thus labs that are accredited for those tests can conduct tests and 500 of such labs are there in NZ. CALIBRATION Calibration is the process of ensuring that measuring instruments are giving accurate results. The Measuring instruments are calibrated to ensure that any measurements performed with the calibrated instruments will be traceable back to the national measurement standard. The wide range of measuring instruments such as speed cameras, analytical balances, measuring tapes, pressure gauges and electrical power meters are calibrated in calibration laboratories. Calibration reports may only carry the accreditation logo if the laboratory is accredited for those calibrations. INSPECTION Inspection is done in order to check that whether safety and technical requirements are being met. It is done for the purpose of ensuring that all safety aspects are checked. The specialist inspectors role is to examine technical aspects of things such as pipelines, crane designs, boilers, buildings, machinery, quarantine services or food premises. The international standard for professional inspection bodies (ISO/IEC 17020) covers designs, products, services, processes and plant. ISO/IEC 17020 (international standard for professional inspection bodies) covers all the products, designs, services and processes. Specialist inspectors examine the technical aspects of such things as pipelines, crane designs, boilers, buildings, machinery, quarantine services or food premises. International standard inspection methods are used in certain inspections for ensuring all safety aspects being checked. Inspection includes on-site observation in a detailed way and also thorough check of records, procedures and reports. CERTIFICATION According to the specific international standards, the certification bodies are accredited which is also related to the type of certification. The range of standards a certification body is accredited to audit against is specified in its Scope of Accreditation. Certification includes various categories. These bodies are accredited to specific international standards, depending on the type of certification they are competent to undertake. Personnel certification Product certification Certification of environmental management system (ISO 14001) Certification of quality management system REFERENCES          http://www.ianz.govt.nz/new-article-goes-here/ http://www.manufacturingnz.org.nz/re

Suffering and Salvation in Dostoevskys The Brothers Karamazov Essays

Suffering and Salvation in Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov  Ã‚   Condemned to be shot by a firing squad for radical ideas, the author of The Brothers Karamazov once found himself seconds away from death, only to be granted a reprieve moments before the firing. Although only a method intended to teach him a lesson, the trick had quite a harrowing effect on Dostoevsky. After his close encounter with death, Dostoevsky underwent a total change, and so all of his new notions became a part of "The Brothers Karamazov", which he wrote at the end of his life. For example, once he reexamined his values he began to reject the blindly accepted Russian beliefs. Spiritually, he altered so much that he emerged with the prophetic belief that the world's salvation relied upon the people of Russia. He believed Russia would dominate the world and thus felt that her children needed to be harbored with this theory. Also, he began to develop theories about the role of suffering as man's sole means of salvation. All of these beliefs, through either characters or events, are reflected in this 19th century classic. Even before this firing squad incident, when his father was slaughtered by serfs, Dostoevsky was haunted by and obsessed with the idea of death, which became the subject of all his novels, including his masterpiece, "The Brothers Karamazov". From the first page of the novel, Fyodor is presented as a vulgar beast, which dissolves any sympathy for him when he is murdered. Although the father of Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha, he is a true father to neither of them; in fact, the only person to whom he is any sort of parental figure is his bastard son Smerdyakov. Dmitri, the fierce sensualist, is an impulsive man who quarrels with Fyodor reg... ...inty, and so the strength of his beliefs is doubled, perhaps even tripled. Like the personalities of "The Brothers Karamazov", the characters of any well-written piece become extremely significant to the reader. In that case, it becomes vital for the reader to know the fates of these characters, who are known almost intimately, and their destinies[1] are highly anticipated. In "The Brothers Karamazov", the reader wants to know, for example, if Ivan will ever answer his questions, how Alyosha will lead his life, and if Dmitri will be convicted for a crime he didn't commit. By having these fates determined through cognitive events, these occurrences become some of the most memorable of Dostoevsky's novel, which itself becomes psychoanalogical. Thus, "The Brothers Karamazov" has become one of the greatest novels ever written and a true psychological masterpiece.

Environment and Economy of Kuwait :: Geography

Environment and Economy of Kuwait Kuwait is not self-sufficient in agriculture but the country will be in the future. Its production of cereals, vegetables and fruit grown in the oasis of Jahra and scattered smallholdings is not sufficient for the population's needs, due to limitations of water supply, fertile soil, climate and manpower. Much of its food needs to be imported but government investment and the work of the Kuwait Experimental farm have led to improvements whereby existing resources are more efficiently utilized. Kuwait is a small arid desert land of about 6200 square miles. There is virtually no natural source of fresh water. Climatic conditions entail occasional high winds and dust storms, little or no rainfall, and summer temperatures as high as 120Ã ¸F. "Consequently, arable land amounts to less than 9% of total acreage."1 Soil deficiencies and the intense heat and sunlight allow continued cultivation only by expensive underground pipe-fed irrigation or by hydroponics. Ordinary irrigation under these conditions results in gradually increasing soil salinity. this phenomenon has been the cause of the estimated 1% annual decrease in arable land for the region as a whole. Hence, development of traditional agriculture is severely restricted. Kuwaitis are under no illusion that self-sufficiency will take less than 20 to 30 years to attain and even then it cannot include such items as beef and cereals. For Kuwait cereal production is considered too expensive and unnecessary. Self-sufficiency in poultry, vegetables and fruit is a visible goal: already Kuwait produces 60% of the eggs it needs, 40% of the poultry meat and 100% of the tomatoes. The next emphasis is likely to be on dairy farming and animal husbandry to increase the 25% of the required milk supplies that is produced in the country. The Kuwaitis are very conscious of the fact that urban growth and the hunting of animals which used to live in the desert has meant the virtual extinction of wildlife. Kuwait is importing from many countries animals such as cows, chickens and sheep. In view of Kuwait's extremely unpromising natural environment which was made even worse after the Persian Gulf War, the key to all its hopes for self-sufficiency lies in research and experiments. Their experimental farm research farm:Omariya, the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Kuwait Fund for the Advancement of Sciences are engaged in a variety of projects concerned with the hybridization of plants, animal breeding, the increase of yields in desert conditions, the treatment of brackish water and effluent water, irrigation methods, etc.