The Irony Of The Sinner - 1656 Words

While traveling through Hell, Dante the pilgrim encountered numerous sinners on each level, all prepared to tell their tales of misfortune and transgression. However, though some ask Dante to remember them or tell their stories on Earth, most of them speak for their own gain, not simply to educate Dante on the penalties of their sins. Each sinner appears to wallow in the past, isolating themselves in their sin and occasionally ignoring Dante as a person entirely. Even when these sinners find themselves physically trapped together with another soul, they remain lonely and miserable in their suffering: they have deprived themselves of the forgiveness and love God offered them and now must find something else to love. As they have rejected God, these sinners still seek to fill that void of emptiness to which they have forever condemned themselves. In Dante Alighieri’s Inferno, the irony of the sinner’s contrappaso reflects the irony that, even in the suffering they have br ought upon themselves, they have a misplaced love in their sin in place of the love God offered them. In Canto V, Dante encounters the Francesca and Paulo, who have thrown away their chance for heaven for one another, yet enjoyed the action of sinning itself more then each other’s company. As soon as Dante the pilgrim comes upon the pair, Francesca relates the tale of their sin, explaining how â€Å"this one, who never shall be parted from me, while all his body trembled, kissed my mouth†¦.that day we read noShow MoreRelatedGod Is A Problem Of Failure1367 Words   |  6 Pagesraised from the dead dieth no more; death hath no more dominion over him. For in that he died, he died unto sin once: but in that he liveth, he liveth unto God. Although the world is full of depravity and evilness, God’s continual love welcomes all sinners into the kingdom of heaven. Rhetoric used in this section: Allusion, Antithesis, Parallelism Vocabulary used in this section: depravity, austere, laud, innate Section 2: Thesis Argument Outline: Thesis stating the author, title, and centralRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Inferno And Thomas More s Satirical Dialogue `` Utopia ``1366 Words   |  6 PagesIrony is a common technique used by authors to keep readers engaged and make them think critically. Irony is prominent in various areas of literature including dialogue, setting, characters, and theme.. Dante’s Inferno and Thomas More’s Utopia are perfect examples of the use of irony as they utilized the various techniques throughout their stories. There are a plethora of accounts where irony is apparent, including the sceneries, dialogue, and titles that are portrayed in their work. This essay willRead MoreCriticism And Symbolism In Young Goodman Brown By Nathaniel Hawthorne1238 Words   |  5 PagesBrown† was written to show the guilt Hawthorne felt of having these Puritan roots. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne emphasizes the hypocrisy of his histo rical religious roots of Puritan communities with the usage of symbolism and irony. Irony plays a major part in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† At the start of this narrative a Puritan husband leaves at sundown from his Puritan wife. â€Å"And Faith, as the wife was aptly named. . .† Here, Hawthorne shows he named Faith purposely, to symbolize GoodmanRead MoreThe Biblical Aspecst in the Poems A Stones Throw and The Woman Speaks to the Man who has Employed her Son881 Words   |  3 Pagesrealize that they were sinners as well. In Lorna Goodisons poem we see a woman experiencing pregnancy symptoms like a â€Å"a metallic tide† or vomiting. She raises her son as a mother and father because the father never there. The mother has great hope that her son will be a better man and pays her back for all her struggles; she sets no barrier to set him back from accomplishing his dreams. As her son grows up, he gets a job and sees his employer as a father figure but the irony lays in the fact thatRead MoreSalvation Langston Hughes Analysis804 Words   |  4 P agesreader the thoughts that go through the mind of a child, to demonstrate the irony of himself not actually being saved on that day in church. Hughes additionally supplements his thoughts in the essay through his use of syntax/diction and emotional appeals towards the audience. In his use of a childhood perspective throughout the essay, Hughes uncovers the thoughts that he had when the had been told that the was a â€Å"young sinner† and that he needed to see Jesus in order to be saved. In being a childRead More The Pardoner from Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay665 Words   |  3 Pagesanonymous hoodlums to whom the narrator gives no distinctive characteristics. We are introduced to these three drunken rioters who are on a quest to find death, after their friend dies from the plague. During their venture, we are introduced to the irony of this tale, as each of the men agree to die for one another. As they embark on their quest for death, they encounter an old man who they treat impolitely, asking him why he still alive. He completes their quest for death, when he informs themRead MoreThe Genre of Southern Gothic in A Good Man Is Hard to Find Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesto go to Tennessee to see her friends, but the dramatic irony of them actually meeting the Misfit and the situation they get in, is another typical characteristic of Southern writing. The situational irony of the grandmother becoming a good, enlightened person after the short conversation she has with the Misfit in the story also shows how it is in the genre of southern gothic. She reaches out to him, after realizing that she is a sinner, and tries to redeem herself. She dies with a smile onRead MoreAgamemnan, The Inferno, Don Quixote Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pagesthemes. * Set among the ruling family of Argos, Aeschylus’s Agamemnon examines the topic of justice: ancient eye-for-an-eye progressing toward modern disinterested justice, attributing all to the gods. Similarly, in Dante Alighieri’s Inferno each sinner is placed in a punishment to fit his crime: divine perfection of justice. * Miguel de Cervantes approaches the other side of justice, Don Quixote questions what happens when an antiquated or fictional moral code is put into play in a different timeRead MoreThe Black Cat- Suspense, Irony, Symbolism894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe majority of his readers’ feelings, or emotions. He has mastered the art of writing by disciplining himself to use specific words and styles in which he can affect his readers in any way he chooses to make them think or feel. Poe uses suspense, irony, and symbolism to seize his readers’ attention in almost every single one of his stories. Poe effectively uses these expressions to cause each of his readers to experience a certain emotion or feeling while reading his stories. In Poe’s story â€Å"TheRead MoreRobert Browning s Dramatic Monologue953 Words   |  4 PagesBrowning develops his characters really well. Throughout the monologue Browning shows the true character of the person by not only what the character is speaking, but also by â€Å"idiomatic language, patterns of imagery, speech rhythms, and unintended ironies† (The Longman Anthology of British Literature, 1323). A good example of one of Browning’s dramatic monologues is The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed’s Church. In this monologue the main character is a Bishop who is trying to order a very extravagant

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1552 Words

American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald uses his novel The Great Gatsby to comment on American society and on other great American writers, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. Although both of these writers are well respected and analyze the themes of American society, their works contrast each other’s claims. One major theme in The Great Gatsby is the past the book itself is told from Nick’s point of view in his later years and emphasizes how Gatsby attempts to try to change his past throughout the whole novel. While Fitzgerald offers much insight on the principle of time and the past, Emerson does not seem to think the past matters. In Self-Reliance, Emerson reveals that the past is insignificant. He believes that â€Å"Whenever a mind is simple, and†¦show more content†¦Gatsby’s conception of himself is a lavish persona, which he believes is his destiny and his divine wisdom: â€Å"He was a son of God - a phrase which, if it means anything, means just that - and he must be about His Father’s business, the service of a vast, vulgar meretricious beauty† (92). Even when growing up on a humble farm in North Dakota, Gatsby knew the unexceptional lifestyle would not satisfy this â€Å"divine wisdom,† or the destiny that Gatsby believes he will have (and eventually believes he has). He renounced his parents inside his mind, admitting that â€Å"his imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all† (91-92). Instead, Gatsby found a new Father - a God of beautiful, lavish corruption. This new, wealthy, worldly persona is Jay Gatsby, the ideal form of the poor farmer James Gatz. By creating a whole new identity, Gatsby is rejecting his past self as James Gatz, and moving on to what he considers to be his destiny - a life of beauty and glamour that ultimately comes with corruption. A new identity, a new self, a new life is Gatsby’s â€Å"divine wisdom,† which does not fit with Emersonâ€⠄¢s definition of a â€Å"divine wisdom,† or genius. However, Gatsby’s conception of himself is his dream. This dream is later embodied in

Cano

Cano-1 Essay Dan CanoMrs. FicarrotaEnglish 10 Honors9 December 1996The Chamber: A Look Into the Novel and Film Stories about crime prove to be a strong part of Americas entertainment in this day. In The Chamber, John Grisham writes about a Klansman who is convicted of murder and a grandson who tries to save his grandfather is on death row. This story is now a major motion picture. This story carries a strong emotional following to it because it both questions and supports the death penalty in different ways. Grisham shows this when he writes: Ive hurt a lot of people, Adam, and I havent always stopped to think about it. But when you have a date with the grim reaper, you think about the damage youve done. The messages about the death penalty are brought about in different ways in the film and in the novel. Although the novel and film adaptation of The Chamber have some significant differences, the plot and character perspectives are used to convey a political message about the death penalty. (378)The various characters in The Chamber have different traits and backgrounds that affect their perspectives on certain issues. Sam Cayhall is one of the main characters in the story whose background is filled with hate because of his connection with the Klan. The second member of the team was a Klansman by the name of Sam Cayhall, The FBI knew that Cayhalls father had been a Klansman, . . . (Grisham 2-3). Sam, who is brought up under the influence of the Ku Klux Klan, uses politically incorrect terms for other minorities when he talks with Adam Cayhall in death row. You Jew boys never quit, do you? , How many nigger partners do you have? Just great. The Jew bastards have sent a greenhorn to save me. Ive known for a long time Cano-2that they secretly wanted me dead, now this proves it. I killed some Jews, now they want to kill me. I was right all along. (Grisham 77-78). These statements reflect Sam Cayhalls intense hate for others which is derived from his young upbringing in the Ku Klux Klan. Sams background as a Klansman is told by Grisham using Sam telling Adam about generations of Klan activity: Why did you become a Klansman?Because my father was in the Klan.Why did he become a Klansman?Because his father was in the Klan.Great. Three generations.Four, I think. Colonel Jacob Cayhall fought with Nathan Bedford Forrest in the war, and fam ily legend has it that he was one of the early members of the Klan. He was my great-grandfather. (123). Adam Cayhall is a young motivated lawyer who is driven to save his grandfather, Sam, because he wants to find out about his family history as well as about his grandfather. John Grisham shows Adams desire to defend his grandfather and get him out of being executed: Ive studied his entire file. Im intrigued by the case. Ive watched it for years, read everything written about the man. You asked me earlier why I chose Kravitz Bane. Well, the truth is that I wanted to work on the Cayhall case, and I think this firm has handled it pro bono for, what, eight years now? (28). Adams desire to learn more about his family through defending Sam is strong. Im your grandson. Therefore, Im allowed to ask questions about your past. (Grisham 123). Adam uses his family to relate to Sam. The author shows this when he quotes Adam saying, On behalf of my family, such as it is-my mother who refuses to discuss Sam; my Cano-3sister who only whispers his name; my aunt in Memphis who has disowned the name Cayhall-and on behalf of my late father, I would like to say thanks to you and to this firm for what youve done. I admire you greatly. (45). .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb , .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb .postImageUrl , .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb , .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb:hover , .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb:visited , .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb:active { border:0!important; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb:active , .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u492d679468604bfa96893928532d37eb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: CRITICAL THINKING EssayLee is Sam Cayhalls granddaughter; she has trouble getting rid of the painful memory that is her father. Lee becomes an alcoholic to deal with her pain of being the daughter of Sam Cayhall. Her pain surfaces again when Adam comes down to try to save Sam and the case becomes news again. Grisham tells about Lees problem with alcohol in many ways. All right, dammit. So Im an alcoholic. Who can blame me? (302). No you wont, Lee. Youre not drinking any more tonight. Tomorrow Ill take you to the doctor, and well get some help. (304). Lee is Sams daughter, and therefore she had to live with the memory that her father was a murderer. The plot and characters have some differences between themselves in the novel and the film. The melodramatic film takes away from the novels descriptive plot. The first major difference I noticed was in the level of detail. The novel seemed to be much more descriptive than the film. The film basically focused on the relationships between the characters which left out much of the novels detailed plot. The major part of the novels detail which was left out of the film was the characters. There were characters written about in the novel that were not included in the film. The first, and most significant was Jeremiah Dogan. Dogan was the Imperial Wizard for the Klan in Mississippi in the beginning of the book. He is the one who sets up the entire bombing which Sam Cayhall is convicted of single-handedly doing. He was not stupid. In fact, the FBI later admitted Dogan was quite effective as a terrorist because he delegated the dirty work to small, autonomous groups of hit men who worked co mpletely independent of one another. (Grisham 2). The difference between the film and the novel that disappointed me most was the minor but Cano-4highly significant changes of the plot. In the novel, the first three chapters of the book describe the events leading up to the bombing in detail. The movie starts with the actual bomb going off itself. The beginning of the book that was left out was one of the most interesting parts of the novel and should not have been left out of the film. (Grisham 1-22). John Grisham, the author of The Chamber, does not approve of Universals film adaptation. As his asking price has soared, so has his involvement. Grisham had approval of the script, director and cast during the making of A Time to Kill (while grumping about Universals unapproved adaptation of The Chamber, due this fall). He is co- writing the screenplay for The Rainmaker with director Francis Coppola. (Bellafante 1)The author and film use character perspectives to convey a political message about the death penalty. Adams profession, and family influence his perspective on the death penalty. Grisham shows this in Adams conversation with his employer. Im opposed to the death penalty. Arent we all, Mr. Hall? (Grisham 27). Besides Adams career in law influencing his perspective on the death penalty, seeing Sam on death row also influences Adams views. It is not simply about someone being executed, but about a grandfather dying and his grandsons frightening circumstance of trying to win both a legal victory to save him and an emotional victory to reach him. (Greer 2-3). Mississippis Governor McAllister uses the Cayhall case to enhance his public stature. John Grisham uses many different ways to show how Governor McAllister supports the death penalty by putting Sam on death row: In 1980, eight short years after the trial, David McAllister was elected governor of the State of Mississippi. To no ones surprise, the widest planks in his platform Cano-5had been more jails, longer sentences, and an unwavering affinity for the death penalty. (50). Sam expresses his hate of the governor as well. An hour before I die, hell hold a press conference somewhere-probably here, maybe at the governors mansion-and hell stand there in the glare of a hundred cameras and deny me clemency. And the bastard will have tears in his eyes. (Grisham 122). .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 , .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 .postImageUrl , .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 , .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908:hover , .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908:visited , .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908:active { border:0!important; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908:active , .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908 .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u132103d420c1a91dcf53b585a6cb1908:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Statistics EssayRuth Kramer and her family are the characters who are also supportive of the death penalty. Their perspective is brought about because her husband and two children were killed by the man who awaits the gas chamber. While Sam Cayhall thinks David McAllister is a monster, Ruth Kramer thinks David McAllister is a hero for demanding justice. These are the two sides of the coin which is the death penalty in The Chamber. As Grisham writes it, Ruth Kramers situation is well described by Lee in this line: Bitter? She lost her entire family. Shes never remarried. Do you think she cares if my father intended to kill her children? Of course not. She just knows theyre dead, Adam, dead for twenty-three years now. She knows they were killed by a bomb planted by my father, and if hed been home with his family instead of riding around at night with his idiot buddies, little Josh and John would not be dead. (61). The Chamber is a story about life and death and how it is treated by different people. In the film, The Chamber more about relationships. The film is about a young man, very alone in the world, connecting with his grandfather and trying to understand who he is. (Greer 4). Despite the differences between the two, The Chamber proves to show a political message on the infliction of the death penalty in America.

Insomnia free essay sample

A study of the various causes of and treatment for insomnia. This paper analyzes the different forms of insomnia transient, acute and chronic. It discusses the many possible causes, including: physical (muscle pain, headache, nasal congestion, diet, heat, cold), mental and emotional (depression, stress, anxiety) and the probable effects decreased efficiency and productivity , increased absenteeism and risks of accidents. The paper also suggests cures for this condition: herbal and homeopathic remedies, yoga, conventional medication antihistamines, sedatives. The writer claims that the ultimate approach to chronic insomnia lies within the person and his understanding of himself. Primary insomnia is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as the difficulty of initiating or maintaining sleep or sleep of the non-restorative type for at least a month.(Espie 2002) Insomnia is transient when it lasts only for a few days to a few weeks, as when some temporary event or physical condition is responsible, such as an illness, changes in sleeping environment, work or family stress or jet lag. We will write a custom essay sample on Insomnia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The cause or causes will pass or can be disposed of directly But when the disorder occurs between a month and six months, it is called acute insomnia, and beyond six months, it is chronic. This type is distinguished from the psychophysiologic insomnia in wakefulness, the circadian rhythm disorder in time alignment, the parasomnias and secondary insomnias. Insomnia that is more than transient cannot be effectively eliminated or remedied immediately or on the surface. The underlying root cause must be discovered and dealt with directly. This is because the bodys normal sleep pattern is disturbed when sleep becomes difficult or absent for more than a month, and the body adjusts to this new and irregular or poor pattern. Sedatives or some other approaches may address and calm the symptoms, but the sleeplessness will resurface only until the true cause is discovered and eliminated. Chronic insomnia is defined as the subjective experience of an inadequate quantity or quality of sleep that has persisted for at least one month. (qtd in Rajput Oct 1 1999: 1)

disorders essays

disorders essays Causes, Symptoms, Complications and Treatments for the eating disorder Anorexia Nervosa. Eating disorders are devastating behavioral maladies brought on by a complex interplay of factors, which may include emotional and personality disorder, family pressure, a possible genetic or biological susceptibility and a culture in which there is an over abundance of food and an obsession with thinness. Eating disorders are generally characterized as bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa and eating disorders not other wise specified. According to the World of Psychology anorexia is defined as " an eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming, irrational fear of being fat, compulsive dieting to the point of self starvation and excessive weight loss."(World of Psychology Page 317). There are some causes, symptoms, complications and treatment of anorexia nervosa. There is no single cause for the eating disorder anorexia but a number of factors including emotional disorders and cultural influences. Researchers have shown that emotional disorders such as depression collaborate in causing anorexia nervosa. This is because most anorexic patients have been found to have abnormal levels of certain neurotransmitters particularly serotonin, that are associated with depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. According to a research conducted by Dr. John .E. Godine of Harvard Medical School " studies are finding that low blood levels of amino acid tryptophan, a component in food that is essential to the production of serotonin, can produce depression and may also contribute to anorexia nervosa" (Psychology Today Page 17, May 97). Researches have also shown that changes in seasons affects both depression and eating disorders and also that onset of anorexia appears to peak in May, which is also a peak month for suicide. Anxiety disorde rs are also very common with anorexia. Phobias and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) usu...

Intro to Creating Realistic Photo Textures in Games

Intro to Creating Realistic Photo Textures in Games One of the major challenges of current and next-generation game development is the creation of the massive number of art resources required to create an immersive game world. Character, environment, and other supporting models must be created, and levels must be shelled out and populated with those models. But while you may have a functionally-playable game at that point (with the addition of a tremendous amount of other programming and resource work), you are lacking color, depth, and physical texture in your world. Taking a game from a gray box prototype to a completed game, suitable for public viewing, requires a lot of work for artists to create textures and materials to give the game the feeling of being in the world youve created. Weve touched on this briefly in previous tutorials: The basic concepts of UV mappingApplying and painting textures for a modelManually editing UV map coordinatesCylindrical maps and dealing with seamsIntermediate-level UV mapping techniques In those exercises, we used simple example maps that were hand-painted, but not designed for production work, nor realism. In this series, were going to show you how to make realistic photo textures for your own games, and do so on a reasonable budget. The results you can achieve with a small amount of work may surprise you. Lets get started. There are three primary ways to create photorealistic textures for games. Photo reference/Hand painting. These are the original two techniques for creating game textures. This is the simple process of creating a bitmapped image for use in a game, whether created completely from scratch using a paint application, or converting a photo into a game-ready format. (Both of these techniques are not necessarily simple in actual practice, as youll see later in this article.) This can be very quick, or moderately time-consuming, depending on what sort of results you desire, and how much work youre willing to put in.Procedurally-created. This method relies on algorithms and pre-defined inputs (either photo or completely synthetic) to create tileable/seamless pattern materials. Tiled materials allow you to use a single, highly-detailed texture to apply to a large surface in the game world, and have it repeat along the entire object, without obvious seams where one instance ends and the next begins. This is potentially the most efficient way to create good materials f or your game, however, most procedurally-created materials are quite clearly computer-generated-although the algorithms are improving all the time. Used wisely, however, they can be a tremendous time-saver for areas of your game which dont need to stand up to close scrutiny. High-poly to low-poly model and texture conversion. This is the most labor-intensive of the three options. This is frequently used for high-detail character models, or environment art that will be seen at close range (for example, walls that the character shelters behind in a first-person shooter). To perform this technique, an artist creates an extremely-high polygon model, far greater than the game engine is capable of handling in realtime, and then uses software techniques to bake textures onto a lower-polygon version of the same model. This transfers the surface detail from three-dimensional polygon data into a painted texture on the lower-poly model. This may include normal, bump, displacement, specular highlight, ambient occlusion, and other map types to further create the illusion that the low-poly model has more detail than it does in reality. As you can imagine, the labor required to perform this process is extremely time and cost-prohibitive. The results can be spectacular, but you need to carefully assess whether this is necessary for your project. Most AAA games that are currently on the market for consoles use a combination of all three of these methods. You need to determine what is best suited for your project. If you are creating a more stylized game, hand-painted textures may be the way to go. If youre making a military first-person shooter, you are likely to use a lot of photo-based textures and high-poly models converted down with normal maps for maximum scene detail.

The End of Ramstable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

The End of Ramstable - Essay Example The proposed project entitled â€Å"The End of Ramstable† is aimed to mark the end of the old Ramstable theatre with festivity and entertainment that embodied the theatre in its 120 years of existence. The Ramstable Festival Week beginning on August 20 until August 26, 2012 shall be a festivity of Ramstable’s heritage of giving entertainment and delight among its countless patrons for 120 years through music, plays and community engagement. While the proponent intends to make the Festival Week as memorable and as grand as possible, the proponents will not lose sight of the importance of making the endeavour economically viable that will enable the Festival to be successful. There are three aspects of the entertainment component of the project. One of these is Ramstable’s reaffirmation of its commitment to Ramstable community which is its host and patron. To serve this end, one of the highlights of the Festivity Week is the hosting of the Ramstable Theatre to the Finale of the various school’s rendition of â€Å"What the Dickens† to commemorate the 200th birth anniversary of famous Kentish author Charles Dickens. In addition to Ramstable support to the academe, the theatre will also show its commitment to the community by hosting the talent contest â€Å"Ramstable Got Talent† which will run from August 21 to 25 of 2012. Ramstable will commemorate its 120 years of heritage by showing theatre performances in the evening of August 21 to 26 through music and various performances that stretches back in time up to the present. The performances are also designed to include the theatre interest of Ramstable community as the shows will cater to children, parents, men, women, teenager through the careful selection of the artists and genre that will be performed. The artists chosen to perform during the evenings of August 21 to 25 are popular mainstream artists who are proven to provide entertainment of high calibre. Their talent f ees may be hefty but through careful planning and implementation of creative marketing implements, the shows will not only prove to be economically viable but profitable as well. The project proponents believe that Ramstable Theatre has earned enough goodwill through its 120 years of providing entertainment among its countless patrons that will merit its patrons to sponsor the shows. Such, the proponents will capitalise on this goodwill to ensure the viability and profitability of the Festival despite it being intended to be grand. The Festival Week’s viability and profitability can be achieved in two ways. First is through the traditional revenue derived from the ticket sales. Revenue can also be generated by expanding marketing activity through sponsorships and selling of refreshments during the show. Securing sponsors for the show is very doable because the Theatre had enough goodwill from

Adaptive Culture and Cultural Artifacts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adaptive Culture and Cultural Artifacts - Essay Example While the organization needed to know every accurate detail about its stakeholders, the latter also needed to provide an honest and realistic output of needs or wants that are to be fulfilled. In other words, information is the framework of those mentioned requisites; its timing and accuracy significantly determine the capability of the organization to process and integrate it with the organizational processes and practices. Moreover, all other aspects that serve to shape an organizational culture has to be taken into consideration -- its level of impact on organizational culture should determine its ability to be incorporated in the whole adaptive culture-framework. While in general, these aspects are conveniently referred to as processes and practices, in specific it includes policies, competencies, reinforced norms, et cetera. A more binding reinforcement for an organization aspiring an adaptive culture is the top management’s commitment. Additionally, the organization†™s people should be tirelessly reminded of the purpose of such adaptive culture. Both commitment and purpose are consistent ‘reinforcers’ of any desired organizational culture, and adaptive culture is no exception. I think that our organization has a relatively strong culture. First, because everybody knows what and who we do for; more than just profit or bonuses, we serve people. Every business unit, whether directly or indirectly involved, recognized its part in the whole value chain. In other words, each of us, from top to the bottom level, could identify ourselves in the organization’s collective mantra. Moreover, this recognition is reinforced through the individual integration of our own task to the company’s core task. Second, our Human Resource Recruitment filters the entrant workers; they make sure that the individual’s goals are well aligned or approximately paralleled with the company’s. Moreover, the HR people look at the

The Crime of Stalking Essay -- Crime Stalking Stalk Harassment Essays

The Crime of Stalking Stalking has been around since the beginning of time. Men and women alike have been accused of such a crime cause they either can't get it out of their head that the other person does not want to have anything to do with them, or they are just obsessed with a stranger. It is just recent that they United States Government have decided to make stalking a crime in it self. This type of crime was labeled as harassment, annoyance, or domestic violence. It wasn?t until the 80's and 90's that stalking cases were brought to the attention of the media and high political policy makers. I suppose that I should inform you as to the legal definition of stalking before I go any further with this paper. There really is no one definition, each state has the right to put down on paper their own definition of what they this is stalking. Most states will agree that stalking is a willful course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment or another individual that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested, and that actually causes the victim to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested. Basically this is saying that in order for there to be stalking, a person need to feel like their life is in danger, they are unable to lead a normal life cause of another person that won?t leave them alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main types of stalkers. The first one is the simple obsession type. This is probably the most common one consisting of 70 to 80 percent of all stalking cases. Most of these were brought on when a relationship of some type was terminated. This could have been a business relationship, neighbor, customer, dating or even a lover. These people are also seen as the most dangerous. In cases where the two people were dating or lovers, they become obsessed with getting the relationship back, not with the sexual aspect. This type of stalker has a low self-esteem and feels that their partner is the only positive thing in their life. They fear losing this person, for they become dependant on them for their support and sense of achievement. They literally feel that without this person being an active and positive part in their life that they are worthless. They do not realize that they are driving the person further from them, they think that they a... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expecting police to solve your problem and hope it goes away 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taking adequate privacy and safety precautions 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neglecting to enlist the support of family and friends. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ignoring their emotional need before and after a stalking . This is only the top ten mistake that a victim makes. There are probably plenty others, and if a person feels like a they are a victim of stalking then they need to get some help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, stalking is not something to be taken lightly. It is a serious crime that affects thousands of people each year. Recent laws are making it safer for the victim, but there is a lot more that needs to be done, and as long as there are men and women on this earth then there is going to be stalking. Works Cited 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heavy Hands, by: Denise Gosslin. Prentice Hall 2000. Pp. 316-326 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  National Call for Law Enforcement Stalking Protocol, by: David Anderson (6 Mar. 2000) 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Top Ten Mistakes, by: Clairity Consulting. (6 Mar. 2000) http://www.stalkingvictims.com/mistakes.html 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stalker Definition, by: Zona. (6 Mar. 2000) http://onour.com/stalking/definiti.htm

Love is a logical Fallacy Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Love is a logical fallacy. In Metamorphoses, even the god of pure reason, Apollo is ridiculed and behaves irrationally while the Phaedra of Seneca violated all norms of proper female behavior for the sake of her love. Truly, love makes people do the most illogical and impractical acts. Love is a logical fallacy because had reason intervened, the ill-fate of the characters in both works would be largely abated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In book twelve of the Metamorphoses, Priam laments Paris’ incontinence. By his rape of Helen and his rejection of Hera as the fairest goddess, Paris had effectively doomed Priam’s city of Troy. Priam, Hector and all others of Priam’s sons wept for the tragedy that would soon befall the city. Not so for Paris because he felt that his love for Helen, and the love she felt for him in return was just compensation. Such is the hubris that Paris’ love brought upon the house of Priam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hubris too drove Phaedra, who was married to Thesus to attempt to seduce her foster son Hippolytus. Many artifices and guiles will she employ through out the play but Hippolytus refuses to dishonor his father’s memory by committing incest on the queen. Phaedra will become increasingly desperate even co-opting her wet nurse to help her win over the young Hippolytus but to no avail. In the end Phaedra will even accuse Hippolytus of indeed having relations with her to his father Thesus. Hippolytus will die because of her slander. Indeed when they said â€Å"love conquers all† they had the love-crazed Phaedra in mind. Her insane love conquered all reason from her mind and led her to an untimely and unfortunate end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Still another story of hubris from the Metamorphoses is the ill-fate of Midas. Already wealthy and a reasonably powerful king Midas desired gold above all other treasures. So Bacchus grants him the power to turn all that he touches into gold. He soon embarks upon a tragic quest to gain as much gold as his can until he soon turns even his daughter into gold. The lust for gold ruined all that was good around him. The tragedy of Midas was that he was so blinded by his love for gold that he did not realize how much that he truly loved could be lost. No less tragic was the life of Thesus in Phaedra. After returning from the dead Thesus is greeted by his wife with the accusation that Hippolytus had had his way with her. Blinded with rage over the mishandling of his ‘beloved’ wife Thesus says a prayer to Neptune for the redress of his wrongs. Sure as a sunrise, Neptune strikes down Hippolytus by having him ripped apart by his horses. Never mind that he was entirely innocent to begin with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, even if Amor, the Roman Cupid, can drive all reason from those he assails not all of his conquests have turned to evil. One example is the love story of Thetis and Peleus, the soon to be famous parents of Achilles. Evil was still done to the two but eventually their escapade resulted in some good being accomplished. In the story of the two lovers in book   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thetis was a sea nymph whose beauty so drew Peleus that the poor king would soon be driven to desperate measures to gain her. Just like Phaedra he begins a campaign of seduction that is initially rebuffed by the coy nymph mirroring the failed seduction efforts of Phaedra upon Hippolytus. However, while Phaedra is ultimately unsuccessful Peleus has some measure of success.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After a whole day of trying to conquer Thetis, and Thetis trying to break free eventually Thetis tires of their struggles and consents to have relations with Peleus. As will later be seen, this union will result in Achilles perhaps the most famous Greek in story and in Song.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hippolytus tried to stay loyal to his father by refusing to acquiesce to his step-mother’s incestuous desires. His deep love for his father does not allow him to dishonor him especially not so soon. Eventually, Phaedra accuses him wrongly and Thesus prayers leads to his death. However, in his death some good is achieved since Phaedra confesses her incestuous desires and the innocence of Hippolytus. As this sampling of the two works suggests love is not places in very high regard by these two authors. By allowing reason to be overwhelmed by love, or lust, the heroes and gods are led down ill paths. Phaedra embarks of a sickening path of incestuous seduction, Midas loses everything to worthless gold, Troy will burn for the indiscretion of the boy Paris. Thesus will slay his own son out of blind love for Phaedra. They are a just a few examples, how love conquered the rational thought of the characters and brought them ill fate. If any good is achieved it is accidental and to be realized later on. Tragedy still befalls those who imbibe in love regardless of what good will occur later because of it. Just ask Hippolytus who was torn apart by his horses before Phaedra would realize the error of her ways. Trully, love is a logical fallacy. Both Greek and Roman prized reason and common sense over love. It is by allowing ourselves to be buffeted by the winds of love that tragedy befalls. Therefore, we must ever be vigilant lest our reason be mastered by this logical fallacy.

A Long Way Gone: Ishmael

Ishmael Beah was 12 years old when the opposing army, The Rebels, attacked his small town, Sierra Loene. Ishmael fled leaving everything important to him behind. His family, home, and possessions were all gone. With only his brother and nine friends, he ran away. For two years they stayed away from the rebels walking from town to town looking for their lost families. Ishmael lost 8 of his friends and eventually his brother along the way. With only Alhaji left they were found by the army and made to fight or be killed. They used their rap and hip-hop skills to remain popular between missions. To these two gentle-hearted boys killing became a way of life. At the age of sixteen Ishmael and Alhaji were chosen to be removed from the fighting by UNICEF. Upon arriving at the rehabilitation center two boys were killed with hidden knives and guns because they were rebels. The others didn’t care that they too, were forced to fight. This didn’t come as a surprise to the workers; the kids had been doing it for most of their lives. Ishmael entered therapy with kind young women named, Esther. After many months of vigorous therapy Ishmael opened up and finally accepted his new life. With the help of Esther and many other individuals, Ishmael found an uncle of whom his father rarely spoke about and went to live with him and his family. He was enjoying meeting his long lost relatives when he was invited to go to a conference in San Francisco for kids who survived terrifying things and wanted to educate others about it. He was chosen out of millions of kids to speak about child soldiers. He immediately agreed at sent his forms away to the conference officials telling them he was coming. He had problems getting a passport but that was quickly taken care of by the workers from his old rehabilitation center in an effort to help him. He attended the conference and met a kind, rich, woman who helped him and a few friends he met adjust to the city and the constant action that they weren’t used to. When he got back from San Francisco he was shocked to realize that the rebels had taken over the city. Terrified that he would be recognized and killed or that he would have to fight once again Ishmael looked for a way out of the city. He found one and risked being one of the many shot just for being on the street. Ishmael contacted the woman he had met at the conference and she agreed to let him live with her until he could find a way to make money. Ishmael was one of the lucky people who got out of the war, some kids weren’t as fortunate. A Long Way Gone is a true story about a real boy. It’s horrifying that kids as young as nine are being forced into a war they want no part of in order to survive.

Life In A Highschool Essays - Social Groups, Youth, Adolescence

Life In A Highschool Essays - Social Groups, Youth, Adolescence Life In A Highschool Life in a High School Bart Hayes Eng102sec.065 4/27/00 Cliques are small groups of between two and twelve individuals. Cliques are small enough that the members feel that they know each other better than do people outside the clique. Members of a clique share common activities and friendships. They are social settings in which adolescents hang out, talk to each other, and form closer friendships. Groups of friends, called cliques can be important for social upgrading, but in most cases the enormous power and effects of these cliques can create alienation, exclusion , and destructive results. In my high school , as well as every other high school in America there are social groups of individuals, called cliques , that effect every individual whether they are an insider or an outsider. Generally there are the cool cliques , the athletic cliques, the freak clique, the skater clique, the smart clique, and the average clique. Almost everyone finds their place in one of these cliques, but there are always a few outsiders who go through high school never knowing where they belong. these are the people who are constantly ridiculed, picked on , and talked about day in and day out. The effects can be devastating, even deadly. In Littleton, Coloraldo two outcast teenagers came into school one day and began shooting, targeting the athletes and other students who had made their lives awful by ridiculing them constantly. Seniors Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold stormed their suburban Denver school with guns and bombs last April 20, killing 12 students and a teacher before taking their own lives(Kenworthy 1). Augustana University education professor Larry Brendtro explained kids who feel powerless and rejected are capable of doing horrible things(Cohen 4). A high school student, Jason Sanchez understands why the two outsider snapped by saying If you go to school, and you dont have friends, it drives you to insanity(Cohen 4). So what do these lonely outcast kids do if they are rejected by everyone? Roger Rosenblatt discusses in his article, Welcome to the Works of the Trench Coat , how kids will discover self-worth by hating an enemy(Rosenblatt 1). The kids of Columbine for example look alike; they conceal differences. People who are attracted to clans and cults seek to lose their individuality and discover power and pride in a group. As individuals , the killers Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, were vulnerable, taunted by the other tribes in school the cliques, the athletes as geeks and nerds(Rosenblatt 1). The end result as a young girl involved in the murders reported was , He just put a gun to my head, and he started laughing and saying it was all because people were mean to him last year(Rosenblatt 1). The social warfare of cliques has no limits or boundaries; anything can and will happen. Columbine High School is only one example of how high school cliques can be damaging to teenagers. At Glen Ridge High School a group of jocks raped a retarded woman. In that attractive upper-middle-class New Jersey suburb, thirteen jocks were present in the basement where the young womans body was penetrated by a baseball bat and a broomstick. The country was sickened by the inhumanity of a bunch of guys who were among the most admired and envied young men in their community and high school (Lefkowitz 653). These star athletes were not even afraid of being punished. They told their friends and schoolmates of the incident not trying to hide it at all. Athletes are treated as kings of the school. This is not only true for the athletes , but for the cheerleaders too. In the article by Adam Cohen he says While others plod through high school, they glide: their exploits celebrated in the pep rallies and recorded in the school paper and trophy cases(Cohen 2). Another high school student Blake McConnell says that The jocks and the cheerleaders have the most clout, they get out of punishment even with the police. Joe Blow has a wreck and has been drinking, and he gets the book thrown at him. The quarterback gets busted, and he gets a lighter sentence ( Cohen 2). How does this

Which States Require the ACT Full List and Advice

Which States Require the ACT Full List and Advice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Over the past five years, the number of states that administer the ACT statewide has more than doubled: there are now 12 states that require every junior to take the test and eight more that either require the test in some districts or offer it as a free option for students who wish to take it. This post explains why these programs exist, which states have them, and how you can take advantage of them if you live in one of these states. Why Do Some States Require the ACT? In 2001, when states were first implementing statewide assessment programs, Illinois and Colorado decided that, rather than creating their own tests for high school juniors, they would contract with ACT, Inc. to use the ACT as a statewide assessment. (The ACT is generally considered more content based than the SAT, and therefore a better for for assessments.) This plan had the added advantages of providing every student with the chance to take a college admissions test and, ideally, encouraging students who might not have otherwise considered college to apply. Colorado and Illinois were followed by Kentucky, Wyoming, and Michigan in 2007 and then North Dakota and Tennessee in 2009 (although Colorado, Illinois, and Michigan have since switched to the SAT). Since then, the number of states using the ACT as a statewide assessment has almost doubled, and the SAT has created an equivalent program called SAT School Day. The spread of the ACT as a state assessment helped it surpass the SAT as the most popular college admissions test in the US 2011-2017 (although recently it's been overtaken by the SAT once more). For the 2019-2020 school year, 20 states have a contract with ACT, Inc. to provide free ACT testing to some or all high school juniors at public schools. Which States Require the ACT? Of the 12 states that administer the ACT statewide, more than half include the writing (the rest do not). There are also a few states that don't require the test of all students but allow districts to opt in to the program or give students the choice of which test to take. States that require all students to take the ACT with Writing Alabama Hawaii Montana Nebraska Nevada North Carolina North Dakota Utah Wisconsin States that require all students to take the ACT (no Writing) Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi Wyoming States with other arrangements Arkansas - offered but not required; no Writing Kansas - offered but not required; no Writing Minnesota - SAT or ACT offered Missouri - determined by district; not funded Ohio - SAT or ACT required; district determines which test Oklahoma - SAT with Essay or ACT with Writing required; district determines which test South Carolina - SAT or ACT required Tennessee - SAT or ACT required (districts may provide either SAT or ACT or allow students to choose) What Does Statewide Testing Mean For Your ACT Prep? The short answer is that it doesn’t make a huge difference: the ACT is the same whether you take it on a state-administered date or one of the regular test days. However, if you do live in one of the states listed above, you may want to tweak your approach to take advantage of some of the state resources available to you. Here are a few things to keep in mind. You'll Be Able to Take the Test for Free If the cost of taking the ACT is a financial burden for your family, the opportunity to take the test for free is a valuable one, and you should take advantage by scheduling your studying accordingly. Remember that you'll also be able to send four free score reports. You may also be eligible for a fee waiver, thus giving you the chance to take the test up to 3 times for free. You Might Practice for the ACT in School Because the statewide ACTs can double as an assessment for schools and teachers, you may do some in-class preparation for the test. This instruction can help make you more familiar with the test, which is a key step in preparing for the ACT. High school teachers aren't always the most knowledgeable about the ACT, however, so if a teacher tells you something about the test that seems off or contradicts what you've learned in your prep, make sure to double check it! There Could Be Other Free Prep Materials or Classes Available to You Even if your school doesn't offer in-class ACT prep there might be other resources you can take advantage of like free prep books or after school classes. (For example, students in Utah have access to free ACT study materials on Shmoop.) Check with a counselor or teacher at your school to find out if you're eligible for extra study help. Again, though, you should be mindful of whether the materials are good quality. The Curve Won't Be Affected One key thing that won't be affected by whether your state offers free ACT testing is the score curve. Many students believe that the curve is easier on state-mandated test dates because more low-scoring students take the test. Though it's true that scores on these dates are generally lower, the curve isn't actually affected. It's based on years worth of data, not a single test date. What's Next? Make sure you know when to start studying for the ACT and check out these 5 tips to get you started. Not sure what ACT score you should be shooting for? Calculate your target score with this helpful guide. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Report about Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report about Greece - Essay Example This has been the state of affairs affecting Greece. This paper looks at the turnaround experienced by Greece through analysis of the country’s GDP growth and its economic performance of the region. The GDP of Greece since 2008 has been on the rocks according to statistics provided by the World Bank (2014). The nation has experienced a mere 0.46 percent growth since this time with a low of -2.80 percent in 2010 (Tradingecomomics, 2014). Based on this, it is clear that the nation is facing an economic crisis. Despite this there is, the nation is forecasted to do better as it is now picking up from the low it experienced as shown in the graph below. From the above, one can see that the GDP of the state has been taking a downward trend, but has picked up in the last few years. This can be attributed to the reforms placed in the employment sector. According to BBC’s Mark Lowen (2014), through the job cuts and firm restructures, the rate of unemployment has reached an all time high of 28 percent and contrasts the turnaround experienced by the nation in terms of economic growth. Before, at least 50,000 jobs a year were made available to the citizens of the nation and the economy was growing at 5 percent annually. After the crash, the inverse was experienced with the rate of growth plummeting and the unemployment rate increasing rapidly. In accordance with Herbert Grubel (2013), the problem resulted from the instability of prices. That is to say inflation caused by those in government. The problem began when wages were reduced, resulting in the leaders increasing the nominal wages in the public sector. The higher wager resulted in the printing of more money, increasing the deficit experienced by the nation. All this resulted in inflation in the region and led to the collapse of the Greece economy and thus the increased rate of unemployment and the fall in the growth of the GDP. According to N. Roubini (As cited by George Alogoskoufis, 2012),

British Airways strategic management Case Study

British Airways strategic management - Case Study Example and Stahl, M.J. (1997, p. 2) that managers of organizations need to anticipate and adapt to change by keeping in touch with the external environment of the organization. The present chapter is focused on British Airways which is one of the world's favourite airlines as it carries more international passengers to more destinations than any other air carriers (Haberberg, A and Rieple, A, 2008:458). Since its establishment in the year 1919, the British Airways has come a long way to be one of the reputed airlines in the world and continuously returning profits at the end of financial years, which most of its competitors are unable to do so. The secret for the success of British airways is attributed to its strategic management decisions (Cole, G.A., 2003:191) and hence the present research is undertaken to study the process of planning, development and implementation of management strategies in order to know the actual success factors like management, human resource, finance, marketing and communication. The British Airways' forerunner company Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited (AT&T) launched the world's first daily international scheduled air service between London and Paris, way back on 25th August, 1919 (www.britishairways.com). Presently it is the world's largest international airline and has global flight network through USAir, Qantas, and TAT European Airlines serving 95 million passengers a year using 441 airports in 86 countries and more than 1000 planes. (www.fundinguniverse.com) British Airways Ltd came into existence with the merger of many smaller airlines to form Imperial Airlines which was later nationalized into the present original form. (www.bizcovering.com) Cole A.G. (2003, p.192) states that the company has been able to achieve considerable rate of success all these years just because of its effective strategic management decisions including maintaining a sustained marketing campaign, focusing on the requirements and preferences of business customers which res ulted into development of brands like Concorde, First Class, etc; focusing on the needs of private passengers and tourists, marketing the excellent reputation of the company's safety and engineering aspect, providing effective customer service through the use of information technology, promoting an extensive programme of staff training ensuring the efficiency, productivity and awareness of the employees. The company adopted a strategy of alliance and mergers which was advantageous to provide service to more

Conclusion report for the internship journey Essay

Conclusion report for the internship journey - Essay Example The major challenge was language difference, especially when interacting with customer and staff. However, I did my best to create a profitable impact and add value both to Guangdong and myself. There were both memorable and awkward situation during the two months in Guangdong but all these posed as lessons and opportunities to learn more. With the help of one of the staff, I gained confidence, customer relation skills, teamwork skills, intrapersonal and interpersonal communication skills. The main focus of my internship would be the opportunity to participate in the exhibition of Lingnan Folk Craftworks, Sparkling Flowers, and Ingenious Craftsmanship and Creativity. Sparkling flowers exhibition entailed displaying all collected works by Enamel while Craftsmanship and Creativity involved works by Canton Embroiidery. Exhibiting Lingnan Folk Craftworks expounded more on the culture and traditions of chines. I came to learn of their unique art, painting and paper cutting skills, as well as, their cultural believes. Lastly, I also came to learn of the Guangzhou residential furnishings with keen reference to the furniture tracing back to Ming and Qing dynasties. However, designs for furniture have changed and the old have been replaced with better designs or refurnished to be better. It was clear that the preferences and designs of people change with emerging

Transactional And Transformational Leadership

Transactional And Transformational Leadership Max Weber was the pioneer in developing theory of transactional and transformational leadership, but the theory was further explored by James MacGregor Burns (1978) to Bernard Bass (1985). According to Kuhnert and Lewis (1987), this theory is to explain how personality differences in leaders lead to either transactional or transformational leadership styles (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). According to Burns (1978) as cited by Kuhnert and Lewis (1987), transactional leadership occurs when one takes the initiatives in making contacts with others for exchanging something valued. Whereas transformational leadership occurs when one focuses the needs, the beliefs, and the values of followers. According to Yukl (1981) as cited by Kuhnert and Lewis (1987), transactional leadership involves exchange of information between superior and subordinates and influences each other reciprocally so that each derives something valued. In other words, it is a win-win situation for both superior and subordinates in getting something they valued. Kellerrmen (1984) as cited by Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) claimed that both the transactional leaders and followers engage in mutual dependence in which the contributions of both sides are acknowledged and rewarded. However, leaders are still influential in making decision and the range is in the best interest of the followers. To be an effective transactional leader, they must regularly fulfill the needs and expectation of their followers. Thus an effective transactional leader is able to respond to the reactions and meet the expectation of their followers (Kellermen, 1984) in (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). Although transactional leadership is described as exchanging valued outcomes, some literature review suggested that not all exchanges are equal. Graen et al. (1982) in Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) studied the impact on both high-quality and low-quality exchange relationship had on turnover rate of employees in an organization. The result of the study is that employees who engage in exchanging emotional support and resources (high-quality) were less likely to leave an organization compared to employees who engage in exchanging contractually agreed upon elements such as eight hours schedule per day (low-quality). Graen et al. (1982) suggested low-quality exchanges are based on goods or rights. In contrast, high-quality exchanges are based on interpersonal bond between leaders and followers. However in these exchanges, transactional leaders have to clarify the roles and task requirements followers must complete in order to reach to their personal goals and in the same time fulfill the missi on of the organization (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) also indicated that transformational leadership originates the personal values and beliefs of leaders, not involving any exchange of commodities between leaders and followers. Both Bass (1985) and Burns (1978) as cited by Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) stated that transformational leaders demonstrate their deeply held personal value systems that include such values as justice and integrity. Burns (1978) refers these values were not exchangeable or negotiated between individuals. By expressing their values and specific standards, transformational leaders are able to unite followers and change followers goals and beliefs thus achieve organizational goals. This form of leadership results in higher achievement of performance among individuals (Bass, 1985) in (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). Kuhnert and Lewis (1987) stated that transformational leaders gain their influence by displaying important personal characteristics. These personal characteristics in a leader were described by Bass (1985); some of them are intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and level of charisma. According to Dionne et al. (2003) in Ismail et al. (2011), intellectual stimulation is viewed as a leader who cares about intelligence, rationality, logic and careful problem solving in an organization. Leaders stimulate followers to re-examine ways of doing things, use of rational thinking before taking actions. In addition, individualized consideration is viewed as leaders concern about their followers needs. Leaders encourage followers reach to their full potential through proper coaching and mentoring and link followers need to the organizational strategy and goals (Ismail et al., 2011). Thus, successful transformational leaders are able to articulate goals, build an image, demonstrate confidence and inspire followers. These behaviors can convince and motivate followers without exchanging for goods or rights, which characterizes transactional leaders (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987). 5.2 Interactions between Transactional and Transformational Leadership According to Hamilton (2010), Bass (1985) proposed that: there are situations in which the transformational approach may not be appropriate, [and that] organizations need to draw more on the resources of charismatic leaders, who often can induce followers to aspire to and maintain much higher levels of productivity than they would have reached if they had been operating only through the transactional process (Bass, 1985, p. 40) in (Hamilton, 2010). Bass (1999) also indicated that there are plenty of works needed to be done in order to have confidence in full range of transactional and transformational leadership (Bass, 1985, p. 10) in (Hamilton, 2010). To show how transformational leadership and transactional leadership interact with one another, a research has been conducted by Corrigan and Garman (1999) as cited by Hamilton (2010). This study was about how the two (transactional and transformational leadership) interact within the realm of team leadership. Researchers explored how transformational and transactional leadership skills are needed to develop team cohesion. In this study, team leaders needed to have transformational skills: inspiration and charisma, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Corrigan et al., 1999, p. 304) in (Hamilton, 2010) that allowed them to inspire team members and help the team move forward with creative problem solving. This motivational need and focus requires the leaders to not only exhibit transformational skills but transactional skills. In making transactions, the leaders had three goals which are clarifying expectations, motivating improvement, and recognizing achievement s (Corrigan et al., 1999, p. 308) in (Hamilton, 2010). Transactional skills are needed to help maintain effective programs. The interaction between transactional and transformational skills were valuable for leaders in which they utilized skills, which allowed them to meet both present and future needs of team members and organization (Hamilton, 2010). It was concluded that a manager can be both transformational and transactional leader depending on various situations. It results in more effective leadership behaviour of leaders in an organization (Hamilton, 2010). 5.3 Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Organizational Commitment 5.3.1 Employee Attitude and Customer Satisfaction Mowday et al. (1979) as cited by Emery et al. (2007) found that organizational commitment reflects employees identification and involvement. To be more specific, it holds three dimensions: a strong belief in and acceptance of organizations goals and values; a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization; and a strong desire to maintain membership in an organization (Mowday et al., 1979) in (Emery et al., 2007). According to Emery et al. (2007), there are several findings indicated there are positive relationship between a persons willingness to participate in quality improvement efforts and organizational commitment. Morris (1995) in Emery et al. (2007) found that employee job satisfaction is one of the critical factors in delivering satisfaction to customers. In addition, it also concluded that employee job satisfaction comes from: the job itself, supervisor relationship, management beliefs, future opportunity, works environment, pay/ benefits/ rewards, and co-worker relationships (Morris, 1995) in (Emery et al., 2007). Another study of retail banking industry, Brown and Mitchell (1993) in Emery et al. (2007) found that job dissatisfaction of customer contact personnel was positively correlated with lower customer satisfaction. In addition, there is a similar research has been conducted by Atkins et al. (1996) in Emery et al. (2007), authors examined level of customer satisfaction by nurses services at a major Midwestern hospital, the correlation between nurses job satisfaction and patients recommendation of which units they preferred was .85 (Atkins et al., 1996) in (Emery et al., 2007). 5.3.2 The correlation between Leaderships and Organizational Commitment According to the research done by Emery et al. (2007), the purpose of this study is to examine the connection between transactional and transformational leadership and job satisfaction and employee commitment. The results indicated that transformational leadership was found to have higher correlation with job satisfaction and employee commitment compared to transactional leadership. Bass (1985) as cited by Emery et al. (2007) indicated that transformational leaders are likely to find more acceptances in an organization, where receptivity to change and a propensity for risk taking are available. However, leaders who question the status quo of an organization which bound by tradition, rules and sanctions may be viewed as too unsettling or anxious thus perceived as inappropriate. Thus, open to creative suggestion, innovation and risk taking may be more conducive to transformational leadership compared to challenge the status quo of an organization (Emery et al., 2007). Bass (1985) suggested that transactional leadership are preferred over in service sectors such as banking sector. However, Emery et al. (2007) found that the employees in banking sectors preferred transformational leadership. It could be explained that the system of reinforcement in mechanistic organization is so thoroughly entrenched in the organizational structures, which leaders do not need to provide contingent reinforcement. Emery et al. (2007) found that charisma is preferred beyond contingent-reward behaviour in relation to leader effectiveness. These findings are consistent with other researches done by Hater and Bass (1988) and Waldmen et al. (1987) as cited by Emery et al. (2007) where it had demonstrated the importance of charismatic leadership in level of organizational commitment. However, Emery et al. (2007) failed to support that the charisma is only important at the highest management levels. It is due to lower-level managers somehow comply with the decisions of the higher-level charismatic leaders by receiving contingent rewards. Another finding by Emery et al. (2007) indicated that there are no gender differences in terms of magnitude and preference of particular leadership styles. Female managers are equally display transformational style as males, both males and females managers exhibit similar level of charisma, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. This study by Emery et al. (2007) supports the use of transformational leadership to increase job satisfaction and organizational commitment of customer contact personnel. These findings become more significant as service corporations attempt to empower their employees and strive to retain customers through relationship strategies. Another evidence is that result indicated that transformational leadership and particularly charismatic is preferred by employees although they received low paid in an organization. According to Emery et al. (2007), employees place a great deal of trust in their leaders judgment; they adopt leaders values and form strong emotional ties to the leader. Leaders personal characteristics are directly support the dimension of service quality (Parasuraman et al., 1988) in (Emery et al., 2007). According to Bass (1994; 1999), Howell and Avolio (1993) and Ismail et al. (2010) as cited by Ismail et al. (2011), since it is an era of global competition, many organizations shift the paradigms of their leadership styles from transactional to transformational leadership as a way to achieve their strategies and goals. Transformational leaders are effective leaders that develop their followers full potential, higher needs and motivate them to unite, link their goals to organizational goals and beliefs (Ismail et al., 2011).

The Origin and Structure of our Universe Essay -- Physics Universe Spa

I suppose that the Universe we can observe and cognize consists of self-developing hierarchically co-subordinate and genetically relative systems of cosmic bodies. Each of the systems is distinguished by the qualitative state of substance composing its bodies but main evolution mechanisms are common to all the systems. What is common to all the systems? The central most massive body of every system is a parental body for its younger members. The central massive body of every system at intervals conceives in its interiors new cosmic bodies to put them into initial (circum-parental) orbits. In other words, the central body of every system stimulates newborn bodies to move under their own momentum (along a straight line) and to rotate about its axis due to its own gravitational attraction force. But the central gravitating body constantly and intensely loses its mass (photon and corpuscular). So, the orbits of newborn bodies are (must be) spiral-like rather than closed due to the law of universal gravitation. It means that newborn bodies move away from their parental body that is every system expands. It should be noted that every cosmic body is imponderable, i.e. it undergoes gravitational interaction with other bodies. What is the cause? The cause is that imponderability is provided by a certain orbital rate of the body controlled by the law of universal gravitation. The rate depends on radius of the body orbit relative to the system's central body: the more is the orbit radius, the less orbital rate the body needs to be imponderable. It can be seen from the motion of the Solar System's planets, satellites of giant planets and from the Earth's artificial satellites launched by man. The motion of both artificial satellites and cosmic bodies is governed by the same laws. I suppose that our Universe consists of hierarchically relative systems as follows: The first system: the Origin - the central gravitating body of our Universe, and its born nuclei of super-galaxies (the Origin is not considered in the present work). The second system: nuclei of super-galaxies and their born nuclei of galaxies. The third system: nuclei of galaxies and their born stars. The fourth system: stars and their born planets including giant planets, comets, meteorites. The fifth system: giant planets and their born satellites, comets, meteorites. One specific feat... ...ycles, regularity in variations of the Earth's biota and even its evolutionary orientation: from simple to complex, from protozoans unicells to man. In other words, the genetic code of the Earth is recorded in the congealed layers. Its deciphering will provide us with an insight into the past and the future of the Earth. In conclusion, a quick look at the future of the Earth as a planet. As it moves away from the Sun thus losing the supply of the Solar energy, the Earth will have to cool down. Its active geological processes will stop. The future of the Earth is the present of the Mars. But if my hypothesis is true, the future of the Earth is not so dismal. Penetrated beneath the lithosphere the man can be the owner of a huge bulk of treasures... as congealed layers of chemical elements. In other words, the humanity is provided by natural resourses. The problem is only how they can be extracted. Moreover, by defrosting elementary layers in the future, the humanity could revive the congealed Mars by regenerating its natural atmosphere and create conditions favourable for the existence. According to V.Vernadsky, the humanity will really become the geological and cosmic force.

Broadcasting Study Guide

BCA 210 Study Guide – Exam 2 Terms: Audion tube: Created by Lee de Forest, this improved the clarity of radio signal reception in 1907. This detected radio waves and pin points sounds. Lee de Forest perfected this glass bulb. Payola: 1960s, the practice of accepting payment to play specific recordings on the air. Disc jockeys were charged for bribery for accepting money to play music, the most famous, Alan Freed who worked in Cleveland who was credited with coining the term for rock ‘n' roll. Cross ownership: The practice of one company owning radio and TV stations in the same broadcast market.This was a result of the telecommunication Act. Narrowcasting: Identifying a specific audience segment and programming for it. General manager (in radio): Runs the radio station. Program manager (in radio): They oversee what goes on the air, including the news programs, the station's format and any on-air people. Kinetoscope: 1888, Thomas Edison's idea, William K. L. Dickinson crea ted. Perforated film and sprockets to minimize jumps. Peepshow viewer. The first parlor was in April of 1894 in New York City. Talkies: Sound added to movies. The vitaphone preludes, 1926, seven shorts w/ sounds.Al Jolson, first feature-length motion picture with sound. It contained two sections with synchronized sound made by the Warner Bros. Digital Projectors: Satellite distribution: internet distribution: Ancillary rights: Marketing opportunities related to a movie, in addition to direct income from the movie itself. The â€Å"Big Five†: 1930s, Warner Bros. , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount, RKO and Twentieth Century Fox all dominated the movie business. They were all vertically integrated; they produced movies, distributed them worldwide and owned theater chains, which guaranteed their pictures being shown.The â€Å"Hollywood Ten†: J. Parnell Thomas summoned 10 â€Å"unfriendly† witnesses from Hollywood to testify about their Communist connections. Consisted of 8 hollywood screenwriters and two directors. Their strategy was to appear before the committee as a group and to avoid answering the direct question. They tried to make statements that questioned the committee's authority to challenge their political beliefs. The witnesses were found in contempt, some were sentenced to jail and others were fined. By the end, they all lost their jobs.Cable television/CATV: Community antenna television or cable tv. Cathode Ray Tube: Created by Philo T. Farnsworth in California, he called it the dissector tube. It used an electronic scanner to reproduce the electronic image much more clearly than Nipkow's earlier mechanical scanning device. He patented his electronic scanner. Advertiser Produced TV: Programs: Quiz shows, variety shows, situation comedies, drama, westerns, detective stories, detective stories, movies, soap operas and talk shows. HDTV: The US switched to national high-definition tv transmission standard in 2009.It scans 1,125 lines a cross the screen. It requires more spectrum space than conventional tv signals. Digital tv makes it easier for manufacturers to combine the functions of TV and the functions of a computer in the same piece of equipment. A. C. Nielsen: The company dominated the tv ratings business. Ratings describe the audience to advertisers; based on the Nielsens, advertisers pay for the commercial time to reach the audiences they want. Rating: The percentage of the total number of households with TV sets tuned to a particular program.Give sponsors information about the audience they're reaching with their advertising, what advertisers are getting for their money. Share: The percentage of the audiences turn on that is watching a particular program. Demographics: Date about consumers' characteristics, such as age, occupation and income level. Network affiliates: Stations that use network programming but are owned by companies other than the networks, not networked owned. Syndication: Services that s ell programming to broadcast stations and cable. Independently produced programming. Oprah, Jeopardy, Wheel of Fortune.Analog: In mass communications, a type of technology used in broadcasting, whereby video or audio information is sent as continuous signals through the air on specific airwave frequencies. Digital transmission: Telenovelas: are spanish language shows. These give a new audience, unison draws more viewers than all english language networks. the Internet: delivers all types of media, print, broadcast, movies and recordings using a single delivery system without barriers. Combines millions of computer networks sending and receiving data from all over the world. There is no common owner.Browser: Created by Tim Berners-Lee. Software that allows people to display and interact with information on Web pages. They can search electronically HTML/HTPP: Created by Tim Berners-Lee. Hypertext markup language/Hypertext transfer protocol. These allow people to create and send text, graphics and video information electronically and also set up electronic connections from one source of information to another. Sales (in television): people in the sales department sell the commercial slots for the programs. Advertising is divided into national and local sales.Advertising agencies, buy nationsl ads for the products they handle. (An ad agency may buy time on a network for the ford company, for a tv ad that will run all over the country simultaneously) Traffic (in television): traffic department integrates the advertising with the programming, making sure that all the ads that are sold are aired when they're spposed to be. Traffic also handles billing for the ads. Traditional media: Digital/Multimedia: describes all forms of communications media that combine text, pictures, sound and video using computer technology.Bits: Intellectual property rights: The legal right of ownership of ideas and content published in any medium. There are various copyright holders that ha ve used court challenges to establish their legal ownership. Internet service provider (ISP): Also called an internet access provider. This can be a telephone, satellite or cable company, to organize and deliver internet information and entertainment. Web income is made by the money people pay their ISP to connect to the Web. Digital subscriber line (DSL):Signal or data compression: the process of squeezing digital content into a smaller electronic space. Online/Web advertising: advertising is the second potential source of income on the web. They have banners or borders on pages. The seller can know exactly who the buyer is since it is a targeted medium. There is internet tracking that helps advertisers gain information about the audiences for their ads. Digital Divide: The lack of access to digital technology among low-income, rural and minority groups. People -Heinrich Hertz: Responsible for first describing radio waves in 1887 in germany. Guglielmo Marconi: Promotion of wireless radio wave transmission beginning in 1899 with the America's Cup race. Made morse code. Marketed his device. Thought of a way that messages should be able to travel across space without a wire. -Lee de Forest: â€Å"Father of radio† Made the audion in 1907, made radio practical to today's radio, pin pointed the sound. -David Sarnoff: made radio broadcasting a viable business in the United States. â€Å"radio for the people† Made red and blue networks, worked for NBC. He wanted to make radio for households. -Edwin H.Armstrong: Responsible for licensing frequency modulation (FM). -William S. Paley: Made radio broadcasting a viable business for the United States. Worked for CBS created 25 stations. -Thomas Edison: idea for the kinetoscope in 1888, made William K. L. Dickson create it. -Rupert Murdoch: Owner of fox broadcasting joined US media business from Australia and was able to accumulate so many media companies in a short amount of time. -Charlie Chaplin: founded un ited artists in 1919. They rebelled against the strict studio system of distribution and formed their own studio. â€Å"Fatty â€Å" Arbuckle: Comedian, hosted a marathon party in San Fran. A model was rushed to the hospital for stomach pains, she died at the hospital and fatty was charged with murder but then reduced to manslaughter. After three trials, he was acquitted. -Florence Lawrence: first movie star. Uncredited â€Å"Biograph girl†. She received screen credit from Carl Laemmle. This began the start of salaried stars and production staff to be under exclusive contracts. -Mary Pickford: Left biograph to join Laemmle by doubling her salary. She became one of the most influential women in early hollywood.She helped to finance the independent studio United Artists. -Edward R. Murrow: Early news figure at CBS, created the earl standards for broadcast news. -Philo T. Farnsworth: added the electronic scanner. Developed the cathode ray tube. He patented the scanner -Vladimi r Zworykin: developed an all-electronic system to transform a visual image into an electronic signal that traveled through the air. When the signal reached the tv receiver the signal was transformed again into a visual image for the viewer. -David Brinkley: broadcast news pioneer who began at NBC.News broadcaster -Tim Berners-Lee: developed programming languages that allow people to share all types of information online, and the first browser which allowed people to view information online in 1989. -Newton Minow: Public conscience. Hired at the FCC by JFK. Asked broadcast station owners and managers to watch their own programs. He said they would find a vast wasteland. He outlined tvs responsibilities to its audiences. -Nicholas Negroponte: at the massachusetts institute of technology first uses the term convergence to describe the intersection of industries.Said that the combination of the traditional media industries with the computer industry would create a new type of communicat ion. He created two models to show the position of the media industries in 78 and his projected vision for those industries in 2000. he listed three segments of the media business; print and publishing, broadcast and motion pictures, and the computer industry. The theory of convergence helped to shape todays thinking about the internet. Stations/Studios/Companies/Associations/etc: -KDKA: was the first commercial radio station in Pittsburgh.KDKA began daily one-hour evening schedules broadcasting from 8:30 to 9:30. they proved that regular programing could attract a loyal audience. -WEAF: New York. Weaf started selling advertising time to sponsors. This settled the issue of who would pay the cost of airing the programs.. Sold blocks of time. -RCA: government approved private monopoly. david sarnoff was general manager. He became tv's biggest promoter. RCA faced criticism about its broad control over the airwaves because it continued to be the world's largest distributor of radios. NB C (red and blue): created by David Sarnoff at NBC in 1926. The red network was fed from WEAF in New York. The blue network originated from station WJZ in Newark. Station engineers drew the planned hookups of the two networks with red and blue colored pencils which is how the networks got their names. One of the first tv networks. -ABC: American broadcasting company, the selling of this company to Edward Noble gave the country a three-network radio system. -ASCAP: American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. Created blanket licensing of music broadcasting over the radio. FCC: Federal Communications Commission. Granted frequency licenses. FCC ordered NBC to divest one of its networks. FCC recognizes FM -National Public Radio: 1970, goes on air. Government began funding the NPR in 1967. By design, public radio was created as an alternative to commercial radio. Depends primarily on private donations to survive. Started the program All things considered for the evening drive-t ime and launched the morning edition. -Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association: In 1930, they adopted a production code to control movie content. Will Hays was the president.The code had three principles: No picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standards, correct standards of life, subject only to the requirements of drama and entertainment shall be presented, law, natural or human, shall not be ridiculed. The code is then divided into 12 categories of wrongdoing. Murder. Sex. Obscenity. Costume. -United Artists: Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and DW Griffith, independent studio run by the stars themselves in 1919. -Disney: Walt Disney, only 1930's newcomer to the movie business. Created snow white & 7 dwarfs which was the first full-length animated feature.Grey to media company we know today. -CBS: First tv networks. Created by William Paley. Had 25 stations. Later, in 1947, CBS began broadcasting television news. -CNN: Started in 197 9 by Ted Turner, CNN's global reach gives the US audience instant access to new about international events. Modern satellites made this possible. -TNT: 1976. Part of the cable industry. Happenings -â€Å"War of the Worlds†: Orson Welles, Mercury Theater. Night before Halloween. Aired dramatized version of â€Å"war of the worlds† as a live news broadcast. Some people thought that it was really happening.This challenged radio's authority/credibility. -American motion picture premier: Edison organized the first American motion picture premiere with an improved camera developed by independent inventor Thomas Armat. Edison dubbed the new machine the Vitascope, and the first public showing of the picture was on April 23rth 1896 at Koster and Bial's Theater in New York. This spawned nickelodeons. -US v. Paramount Pictures case: Limit block booking to five, stop blind booking, stop requiring short film rentals, stop buying theaters. -quiz show scandals: Brought about an ethic s scandal in 1958. aused the netwoks to reexamine the relationship between advertisers and programs. The networks turned to other sources such as independent producers, for their programming. Charles Van Doren played on twenty one, he won 129,000 admitted he was fed the answers. -Radio Act of 1912:Licensing, limited freedom. Public Convenience, interest or necessity. Used for the basis of broadcasting. -Radio Act of 1927: formed the Federal Radio commission under the jurisdiction of the department of commerce. The president appointed the commission's five members, with the Senate's approval. Stations operate as a public convenience, interest or necessity requires. † Also became the license holder. Stations could operate only with the government's approval and stations needed commission approval to be sold or transferred. This became the foundation for all broadcast regulation in the United states. -Digital Millennium Copyright Act: in 1998, made it illegal to share copyrighted material on the internet. -Public Broadcasting Act of 1967: created the corporation for Public Broadcasting and included funding for public radio and tv stations. Telecommunications Act of 1996: first major overhaul of broadcast regulation since the federal communications commission was established. The legacy of the act is that commercial radio is regulated much less than the 70s. This is called the policy of deregulation. It removed ownership limits. Allowed cross ownership, prompted consolidation. Concepts -Radio vs. TV programming: -Race movies: pioneered the art of breaking stereotypes. These films showcased all black casts in a variety of genres including westerns, mysteries, romances and melodramas. -Hays Office production code: May not lower moral standard of viewers.Proper standards of life. Respect for law. No sympathy for violators. Murder should not inspire imitation. No lustful kissing or lustful embraces. No obscenity. Costumes must not be indecent, dancing movements that are exposing or indecent are forbidden. -syndicated TV programming: are independently produced programming. Oprah, jeopardy, wheel of fortune. Services that sell programming to broadcast stations and cable. -1950s television boom: -TV’s impact on sports: CBS paid 28 million for NFL rights, in 1990 it cost 3. 6 billion (now even higher). TV funds much of professional sports.Expansion to cable (ESPN) -Spanish language TV: New audience. Unison draws more viewers than all english language networks. Telenovelas. -Web advertising: banners and ads. They can target their audiences by tracking. -Convergence: Melding of communications, computer and electronics industries. Movies -The Great Train Robbery: is a 1903 American western film written, produced, and directed by Edwin S. Porter. 12 minutes long, it is considered a milestone in film making. The film used a number of innovative techniques including composite editing, camera movement and on location shooting. The Birth of a N ation: 1915. First budget, feature-length film spectacular. D. W. Griffith. Now recalled for racist themes. Drawing specialized audiences. Oscar Micheaux's work countered birth of a nation. -The Jazz Singer: is a 1927 American musical film. The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the â€Å"talkies† and the decline of the silent film era. Directed by Alan Crosland and produced by Warner Bros. with its Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, the movie stars Al Jolson, who performs six songs.The film is based on The Day of Atonement, a play by Samson Raphaelson. -Steamboat Willie: Disney in 1928. is a 1928 American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. It was produced in black-and-white by the Walt Disney Studios and released by Celebrity Productions. The cartoon is considered the debut of Mickey Mouse, -Snow White and the Seven Dwarves: Disney, 1937. first full-length animated f eature. Cost 2. 25 million, as much as an MGM, musical. -Empire of the Air: Proved that radio is an ideal medium for reaching masses of the US, your geographic location is not affected by it.Government issued patents that caused friction. All about money—Sarnoff controlled everything and created a network. The film reflects capitalism and the â€Å"american dream† he was an immigrant and created this entertainment to become rich. Drive ourselves and need new technology to become elite. -Sunset Boulevard: Film noir. Used a mirror in the water to give the illusion of being underwater. -Quiz Show: Quiz Show is a 1994 American historical drama film produced and directed by Robert Redford. Charles Van Doren won 129,000 but was fed the answers. –The Social Network